For citation: Chelenkova I.N., Uteshev D.B., Bunyatyan N.D. Acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract// RMJ. 2010. No. 30. S. 1878

Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract include rhinitis, sinusitis, adenoiditis, tonsillitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis and pharyngitis. These diseases are widespread: they occur in every fourth inhabitant of our planet. In Russia, infectious diseases of the upper respiratory tract are diagnosed year-round, but in the period from mid-September to mid-April they become widespread and are associated with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). ARVI is the most common infectious disease in developed countries; on average, an adult gets ARVI at least 2-3 times a year, and a child 6-10 times a year.

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity. Rhinitis can manifest itself in both acute and chronic forms. Acute rhinitis occurs as a result of exposure to the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity of a bacterial or viral infection. Often this form of rhinitis accompanies various infectious diseases: influenza, diphtheria, scarlet fever, gonorrhea, etc. In acute rhinitis, the tissues of the nasal region swell (and this swelling extends to both halves of the nose). Usually, acute rhinitis proceeds in three stages. During the first stage (it lasts from 1-2 hours to 1-2 days), patients experience itching and dryness in the nasal cavity, accompanied by frequent sneezing; in addition, they have a headache, malaise, reduced sense of smell, watery eyes, fever. During the second stage, patients develop (usually in large quantities) clear discharge from the nose, nasality and shortness of breath. During the third stage, the discharge becomes mucus-purulent and gradually disappears, breathing improves. As a rule, with acute rhinitis, patients recover within 7-10 days, but in some cases this disease can go into chronic form. Acute rhinitis can lead to complications such as sinusitis, otitis media and laryngotracheobronchitis (if inflammation from the nasal cavity passes into the sinuses, auditory tube, pharynx, or lower respiratory tract).
Chronic rhinitis is divided into three types: catarrhal, hypertrophic and atrophic.
Chronic catarrhal rhinitis, as a rule, is a consequence of acute rhinitis. In addition, its cause may be the negative impact of the environment, circulatory disorders, endocrine disorders, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, sinusitis, chronic adenoiditis or hereditary predisposition. In chronic catarrhal rhinitis, the ciliated epithelium of the nasal cavity changes into a cubic one and loses cilia, the mucous glands and the amount of mucus they secrete increase. Periodically there is a decrease in the sense of smell and nasal congestion. As a result of prolonged catarrhal rhinitis, chronic hypertrophic rhinitis may occur. With hypertrophic rhinitis, the mucous membranes grow, the epithelium loosens, nasal congestion and mucous discharge are constantly observed. Rhinoscopy reveals hypertrophy of the middle and lower turbinates. As a result of frequent acute rhinitis, professional or climatic harmful effects, atrophic chronic rhinitis may develop. With atrophic chronic rhinitis, the mucous membrane becomes thinner, the vessels and mucous glands become empty, the ciliated epithelium is transformed into a flat one. Atrophic rhinitis is manifested by weakening (or total absence) smell, congestion and dryness of the nasal cavity, the appearance of dry crusts in the nose. Used for rhinitis conservative treatment: vasoconstrictor drugs (nasal drops, sprays, aerosols, etc.), topical antimicrobials (ointments, aerosols, etc.) and (in case of allergic rhinitis) antihistamines.
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Most often, sinusitis is a complication of infectious diseases such as scarlet fever, influenza, measles, acute rhinitis, etc. Sinusitis can manifest itself in both acute and chronic forms. Acute forms of sinusitis include catarrhal and purulent sinusitis. To chronic forms of sinusitis - purulent sinusitis, edematous-polypous sinusitis and mixed sinusitis. Symptoms of acute sinusitis and chronic sinusitis(in the period of exacerbations) are the same. These include fever, general malaise, headache, nasal congestion (usually on one side), and copious nasal discharge. An accurate diagnosis of sinusitis is made on the basis of a patient questioning, anamnesis, examination of the nasal cavity, diaphanoscopy, probing and radiography. Inflammations of individual paranasal sinuses include diseases such as aerosinusitis, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, sphenoiditis and ethmoiditis. If all the sinuses of the nose become inflamed at the same time (on both sides or on one side), this disease is called pansinusitis. In the acute form of sinusitis, conservative treatment is used, in chronic - surgical. Conservative treatment includes the use of topical antimicrobial agents(ointments, sprays, etc.), antibiotics a wide range action, restorative drugs and physiotherapy. At surgical treatment the inflamed sinuses are pierced, the purulent mucus accumulated in them is sucked out and antibiotics are applied.
Adenoids are an increase in the nasopharyngeal tonsil as a result of hyperplasia of its tissue (the nasopharyngeal tonsil is located in the fornix of the nasopharynx and is part of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring). In most cases, adenoiditis affects children aged 3 to 10 years. As a rule, adenoids appear as a result of inflammation of the tonsils or the nasal mucosa, which is caused by such infectious diseases like influenza, measles, scarlet fever, acute and chronic diseases upper respiratory tract. There are three degrees of adenoiditis: in the first degree, the adenoids cover only the upper part of the vomer; in the second degree, the adenoids cover two-thirds of the vomer; in the third degree, the adenoids completely cover the entire vomer. At the same time, the negative effects of adenoids on the body do not always correspond to their size. The first symptoms of adenoiditis include difficulty breathing and mucous discharge from the nose. Difficulty breathing leads to sleep problems, fatigue, lethargy, memory impairment, academic performance decline (in schoolchildren), voice changes and nasality, hearing loss, constant headaches. In advanced cases of adenoiditis in patients, the nasolabial folds are smoothed out, the so-called "adenoid" facial expression appears, laryngospasms occur, twitching of the facial muscles, deformed rib cage and the front of the skull, cough and shortness of breath appear, anemia develops. In young children, in addition to all of the above, adenoiditis (inflammation of the adenoids) may also occur. Adenoids are diagnosed on the basis of anamnesis, examination and digital examination of the nasopharynx, rhinoscopy and radiography. With adenoids of the first degree and the absence of breathing difficulties, conservative treatment is prescribed (local antimicrobials, vasoconstrictors, etc.); in all other cases, adenotomy (surgical removal of adenoids) is performed. Adenotomy is performed permanently, the postoperative period lasts 5-7 days.
Chronic tonsillitis is an inflammation of the palatine tonsils that has developed into a chronic form. In most cases, chronic tonsillitis occurs in children. In people over 60 years of age, this disease is extremely rare. The causes of chronic tonsillitis are bacterial and fungal infections that affect the palatine tonsils, enhanced by negative environmental influences (cold, gas, dusty air), malnutrition and other diseases (caries, purulent sinusitis, adenoiditis or hypertrophic rhinitis). Long term exposure pathogenic microflora on the palatine tonsils, combined with a general weakness of the body, leads to chronic tonsillitis. In chronic tonsillitis, certain changes occur in the palatine tonsils: keratinization of the epithelium occurs, dense plugs form in the lacunae, connective tissue grows, lymphoid tissue softens, lymphatic drainage from the tonsils is disturbed, regional The lymph nodes, the receptor functions of the tonsils are disturbed. There are two forms of chronic tonsillitis: compensated and decompensated. With a compensated form of chronic tonsillitis, patients have bad smell from the mouth, pain, dryness and tingling in the throat, sometimes a shooting pain in the ears in the absence of inflammation in the middle ear. With a decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis in patients, relapses of tonsillitis, paratonsillar abscesses, paratonsillitis, pathological reactions of distant organs (for example, tonsillocardial syndrome), headaches, fatigue and decreased performance are added to the listed symptoms. In chronic tonsillitis, the tonsils become denser, their edges thicken, cicatricial adhesions appear between them and the palatine arches, purulent plugs form in the lacunae, and regional lymph nodes increase. Chronic tonsillitis can affect the occurrence of diseases such as rheumatism, thyrotoxicosis, nephritis, sepsis, exudative erythema multiforme, psoriasis, eczema, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, nodular periarteritis, etc. Prolonged intoxication in chronic tonsillitis can lead to immune diseases such as hemorrhagic vasculitis and thrombocytopenic purpura. As a rule, chronic tonsillitis is fairly easy to diagnose. In some doubtful situations, it is confirmed through such studies as the study of imprints of the surface of the tonsils and the study of the contents of lacunae (explored pathogenic microflora, leukocytes, lymphocytes, ESR, serum immunological parameters). With a compensated form of chronic tonsillitis and in the presence of contraindications to operations, conservative treatment is used (vasoconstrictor drugs, local antimicrobial agents, restorative drugs, physiotherapy). With decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis and the absence of contraindications, as well as in cases where conservative treatment has not yielded results, apply surgical treatment(tonsillectomy). As a rule, with timely detection and adequate treatment, chronic tonsillitis is well cured.
Angina (other name: acute tonsillitis) is an acute inflammation that affects the palatine tonsils (in most cases), the lingual tonsil, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lateral folds, or the larynx. Most often, angina affects children and adults under 35-40 years old. The causative agents of angina are microorganisms such as staphylococci, streptococci, fungi of the genus Candida, etc. Predisposing factors for the development of angina include hypothermia, overheating, reduced immunity, smoke and dust in the air, and mechanical damage to the tonsils. Infection with angina can occur in two ways: exogenous (in most cases) and endogenous. Exogenous infection occurs by airborne and alimentary routes, endogenous infection - due to the presence of inflammation in the oral cavity or nasopharynx (caries, gum disease, chronic tonsillitis, etc.). There are four types of angina: catarrhal, follicular, lacunar and phlegmous.
Catarrhal angina in the first day is manifested by dryness and perspiration in the throat and pain when swallowing. Then the temperature rises in patients, the general state of health worsens, weakness and headache appear. When examining the pharynx, you can see that the palatine tonsils are slightly swollen (while the posterior pharynx and soft palate do not change). In patients with a catarrhal form of angina, in addition to these symptoms, lymph nodes increase and the composition of the blood changes slightly (ESR moderately increases and leukocytes increase). Follicular and lacunar forms of angina are more acute. Their symptoms are chills, sweating, severe fever, headache, weakness, aching joints, lack of appetite, swollen and sore lymph nodes. With follicular and lacunar forms of angina, the palatine tonsils swell greatly. With the follicular form of angina, festering follicles (small yellowish vesicles) are visible through the mucous membrane of the tonsils. With the lacunar form of angina, a yellowish-white coating appears at the mouths of the lacunae, which gradually completely covers the tonsils (this plaque is well removed with a spatula). In its pure form, follicular and lacunar forms of angina are quite rare (as a rule, they appear together). The phlegmous form of angina is a purulent inflammation of the peri-almond tissue, which manifests itself, as a rule, against the background of one of the forms of angina described above and chronic tonsillitis. Signs of phlegmous tonsillitis are: sharp pain when swallowing, a sharp headache, nasal, pain in the masticatory muscles, bad breath, chills, severe fever, severe enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes. Any form of angina can lead to complications such as acute otitis media, laryngeal edema, acute laryngitis, neck phlegmon, acute cervical lymphadenitis, peripharyngeal abscess. Angina is diagnosed by means of anamnesis, pharyngoscopy and laboratory research(bacteriological, cytological, etc.). Patients with angina should, as far as possible, be protected from contact with other people (especially children), since this disease belongs to the category of acute infectious diseases. Angina is usually treated at home. Antibiotics, local antimicrobials, antipyretic and general tonic agents are used as treatment. In especially severe cases, patients are hospitalized.
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous surface of the pharynx. There are two forms of pharyngitis: acute and chronic. Acute pharyngitis occurs both as a separate disease and as one of the manifestations of SARS. The factors influencing the development of acute pharyngitis include: eating too cold or too hot food, inhaling polluted or cold air. Symptoms of acute pharyngitis are: pain when swallowing, dryness in the throat. As a rule, a general deterioration in well-being is not observed, the temperature does not rise. When conducting pharyngoscopy, you can see that the back wall of the pharynx and the palate are inflamed. Acute pharyngitis with its symptoms resembles catarrhal angina (but with catarrhal angina, only palatine tonsils become inflamed). Acute pharyngitis is treated by gargling with warm alkaline solutions and decoctions of medicinal herbs that have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic pharyngitis, as a rule, is a consequence of acute pharyngitis. Sinusitis, rhinitis, diseases contribute to the development of the chronic form of pharyngitis from acute digestive tract smoking, alcohol abuse. Common symptoms of chronic pharyngitis, manifested in all patients, are dryness and sore throat, feeling of a lump in the throat. In chronic pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy reveals various changes in the posterior pharyngeal wall. Depending on these changes, three types of chronic pharyngitis are distinguished: hypertrophic, atrophic and catarrhal. With hypertrophic chronic pharyngitis, the mucous membrane of the back of the pharynx and palatine arches thickens. Hyper-trophic chronic pharyngitis is divided into granular and lateral. With hypertrophic granulosa pharyngitis, bright red granules form on the mucous membrane of the back of the throat. With hypertrophic lateral pharyngitis, bright red ridges form behind the palatine arches. With atrophic chronic pharyngitis, the glands atrophy and the mucous membrane of the pharynx dries up, which leads to an unpleasant dryness in the throat, which becomes especially painful after a long conversation. With pharyngoscopy, you can see that the mucous membrane is dry, with dry crusts. With catarrhal chronic pharyngitis, patients experience constant sore throat and accumulation of mucus. With pharyngoscopy, the same picture is observed as with acute pharyngitis. For the treatment of chronic pharyngitis, local antimicrobial agents, antibiotics, restorative drugs and physiotherapy are used. In some cases, the treatment of chronic pharyngitis requires surgery.
Laryngitis is an inflammation of the mucous surface of the larynx. There are two forms of laryngitis: acute and chronic. The causes of acute laryngitis, as a rule, are voice strain, hypothermia, or some diseases (flu, measles, whooping cough, etc.). In acute laryngitis, both the entire mucosa of the larynx and the mucosa of only some parts of the larynx can become inflamed. In places of inflammation, the mucous membrane of the larynx swells and acquires a bright red hue. In some cases, inflammation of the larynx can pass to the mucous surface of the trachea and lead to a disease such as laryngotracheitis. Symptoms of acute laryngitis are: dry throat, perspiration, pain when swallowing, cough (first dry, then wet), hoarseness, in some cases - lack of voice, slight fever, headache. As a rule, acute laryngitis resolves in 7-10 days. In some cases, acute laryngitis can lead to complications such as laryngeal cartilage perichondritis, sepsis, and neck phlegmon. Acute laryngitis is diagnosed by means of an anamnesis, examination of the patient, laryngoscopy, bacteriological research throat scraping, etc. Treatment of acute laryngitis comes down to eliminating the causes of this disease (smoking, loud and long conversations, spicy food, alcohol, hypothermia, etc.), mustard plasters or compresses on the sternum and neck, gargling with herbal decoctions. As a rule, acute laryngitis is well cured, but in some cases it can become chronic.
There are three forms of chronic laryngitis: catarrhal, hypertrophic and atrophic. With chronic catarrhal laryngitis, the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes bright red, the glands enlarge and secrete a large number of secret, sputum is formed in the mucosa of the trachea. In hypertrophic chronic laryngitis, hyperplasia of the submucosa and epithelium of the larynx is found, and nodules form on the vocal folds (in case of voice overstrain). With atrophic chronic laryngitis, the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes thinner and covered with crusts. Symptoms of chronic laryngitis are: cough, sore throat, hoarseness, periodic loss of voice. As a rule, otherwise the patient's well-being does not worsen, although in some cases weakness and fatigue are observed. Chronic laryngitis is diagnosed by means of anamnesis, laryngoscopy and biopsy (in order to differential diagnosis with tumors and syphilitic lesions of the larynx). With timely detection and adequate treatment, catarrhal chronic laryngitis is usually well cured. Hypertrophic and atrophic chronic laryngitis in most cases is irreversible. For the treatment of chronic laryngitis, local antimicrobials, antibiotics, restorative drugs and physiotherapy are used. In some cases, the treatment of chronic laryngitis requires surgery.
Treatment inflammatory diseases the upper respiratory tract as a whole, without taking into account the characteristics of each specific disease, is reduced to the following activities:
. reduction of mucosal edema and restoration of airway patency. For this purpose, vasoconstrictors or decongestants are used;
. the use of local antimicrobial agents (ointments, sprays, etc.). These tools are especially effective for early stages diseases. At later stages, they supplement and enhance (and in some cases replace) antibiotic therapy;
. suppression of pathogenic bacterial flora (systemic antibiotic therapy);
. elimination of stagnation of mucus in the cavities of the upper respiratory tract. For this purpose, mucolytics based on carbocysteine ​​or acetylcysteine, as well as herbal preparations, are used.
The basis for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is the treatment antibacterial drugs. IN last years For the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract, oral antibiotics are mainly used. As a rule, in such cases, antibacterial drugs of the cephalosporin group are used, in particular, a third-generation cephalosporin - the drug Suprax (cefixime). It is an effective, safe and inexpensive antibiotic that is used in more than 80 countries around the world. Suprax belongs to the third-generation semi-synthetic oral cephalosporins and has a high bactericidal effect associated with the inhibition of the main structural component of the cell membrane of various bacteria. This drug is active against gram-negative microorganisms (Bronchanella catarralis, Haemophilus influenza, Klebsiella pneumonia, etc.) and some gram-positive microorganisms (Strepto-coc-cus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumonia, etc.), which makes it extremely effective in treatment of inflammatory diseases not only of the upper, but also of the lower respiratory tract. The advantages of Suprax compared to other antibacterial drugs are:
. good bioavailability (regardless of food intake), which makes the use of injection therapy unnecessary, allows curing diseases of the upper respiratory tract in a shorter time and preventing their transition to a chronic form;
. the ability to create effective concentrations of the drug in the blood and accumulate in the target organ (the focus of inflammation);
. long (3-4 hours) half-life (half-life), which allows you to use this drug only once a day and improves the quality of treatment at home;
. minimal inhibitory effect on the resident microflora of the colon, which makes Suprax safe to use even for children from 6 months old;
. the presence of two dosage forms- tablets and suspension. This allows the use of Suprax not only for adults, but also for small children who are not able to swallow tablets.
Suprax is prescribed for adults and children weighing over 50 kg at a dosage of 400 mg per day, for children aged 6 months to 12 years - at a dosage of 8 mg per 1 kg of body weight per day. The duration of treatment depends on the type and severity of the disease. As studies by Japanese experts have shown, side effects when using Suprax, they are quite rare and are associated with increased sensitivity of patients to this drug.

Literature
1. Zhukhovitsky V.G. bacteriological substantiation of rational antibiotic therapy in otorhinolaryngology // Bulletin of otorhinolaryngology, 2004, No. 1, p. 5-15.
2. Kamanin E.I., Stetsyuk O.U. Infections of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs. Practical guide on anti-infective chemotherapy / Ed. Strachunsky L.S., Belousova Yu.B., Kozlova S.N. Smolensk: MACMAH, 2007, p. 248-258.
3. Zubkov M.N. Algorithm for the treatment of acute and chronic infections upper and lower respiratory tract // RMJ. - 2009. - v.17. - No. 2.- S. 123-131.
4. Benhaberou-Brun D Acute rhinosinusitis. Are antibiotics necessary? Perspect Infirm. 2009-6(3):37-8.
5. Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. Susceptibility of European beta-lactamase-positive and -negative Haemophilus influenzae isolates from the periods 1997/1998 and 2002/2003. // J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005-56(1):133-8
6. Hedrick JA. Community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections and the role of third-generation oral cephalosporins. //Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010-8(1):15-21.

The ability of a person to breathe is one of the most important criteria on which our life and health directly depend. This skill, we get from birth, everyone's life begins with a sigh. As for the organs that allow us to breathe, they make up a whole system, the basis of which, of course, are the lungs, however, inhalation begins elsewhere. One of the most important components respiratory system are, which we will discuss in more detail. But the biggest problem in this part of our body is and will be diseases of the upper respiratory tract, which, unfortunately, are not so rare.

Article outline

What are the upper respiratory tract?

The upper respiratory tract is a specific part of the body, which includes some organs, or rather, their totality. Thus, this includes:

• nasal cavity;
• Oral cavity;

These four elements occupy the most important place in the functioning of our body, because it is with the help of the nose or mouth that we inhale, fill our lungs with oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide through the same two holes.

As for the pharynx, its oral and nasal parts are directly connected with the nose and mouth itself. In these departments, vital channels flow through which flows of inhaled air rush into the trachea, and then into the lungs. In the nasopharynx, such channels are called choanae, and as for the oropharynx, then such a part as the pharynx comes into play, which also takes an active part in the respiratory process.

If we talk about the auxiliary functions of the upper respiratory tract, relating to all the same breathing, then getting into nasal cavity, and then the nasopharynx, the air is warmed to the optimum temperature, humidified, cleaned of excess dust and all kinds of harmful microorganisms. All these actions are carried out thanks to the capillaries located in the section under discussion and the special structure of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. After going through this complex process, the air takes on suitable indicators in order to go to the lungs.

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract

As mentioned earlier, diseases of the upper respiratory tract are not uncommon. We are more often, and the throat and pharynx become the most vulnerable place for all sorts of infections and viral ailments. Such features are due to the fact that in this compartment of the throat there are accumulations of lymphoid tissue, called tonsils. The palatine tonsils, which are a paired formation located on the upper wall of the pharynx, belong to the structure of the upper respiratory tract, being the largest accumulation of lymph. It is in the palatine tonsils that processes that contribute to the development of diseases most often occur, since the lymphoid ring as a whole represents a kind of human shield against all kinds of infections.

Thus, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, entering the human body, first of all attack the tonsils, and if the immune system at these moments is in a vulnerable (weakened) state, the person becomes ill. Among the most common diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract are the following:

• (also called acute tonsillitis);
• Chronic tonsillitis;
• Bronchitis;
• Laryngitis.

The ailments listed above are far from the only diseases that attack the upper respiratory tract. This list contains only those ailments that the average person suffers from most often, and in most cases their treatment can be done either independently at home, based on some symptoms, or with the help of a doctor.

Angina symptoms and treatment

Each of us quite often met with the name of this disease or suffered from it himself. This ailment is one of the most common, has the most pronounced symptoms, and its treatment is known to the vast majority. However, it is impossible not to talk about it, so perhaps we should start with the symptoms. With angina, the following symptoms are almost always present:

• A sharp increase in temperature to 38-39 degrees of the mercury column of the thermometer;
• Pain in the throat, first when swallowing, and then of a permanent nature;
• The throat in the region of the palatine tonsils is strongly reddened, the tonsils are swollen and edematous;
• The cervical lymph nodes are enlarged, and on palpation their soreness is felt;
• The person is very chilly, there is severe fatigue, lethargy and a state of weakness;
• Headaches and aching joints are often observed.

Characteristic features for angina are the appearance of three or four of the above symptoms at once. At the same time, in the evening you could go to bed as an absolutely healthy person, and in the morning find 3-4 symptoms, led by a strong temperature.

Speaking about the treatment of angina, whether you see a doctor or not, it will be approximately the same. In most cases, a course of antibiotics is prescribed in order to hit the very cause of the disease and kill the infection that has entered the body. In combination with antibiotics, antihistamines, fever-lowering drugs that relieve swelling and pain are also prescribed. Doctors also recommend observing strict bed rest, drinking as much warm liquid as possible in order to restore water balance and relieve intoxication, as well as gargle 4-6 times a day.

Also, touching on the treatment, it is worth saying that it is still worth going to the doctor so that the specialist will recommend you strictly defined antibiotics. Thus, you reduce the risk of aggravation of the disease and damage to the body. As for angina in children, in this case, calling a doctor at home is a mandatory event, since for children this ailment can be extremely dangerous, even fatal.

Pharyngitis

This ailment is much less dangerous compared to a sore throat, however, it can also cause a lot of trouble and definitely will not make your life easier. This disease is characterized by the fact that it also has a direct effect on the upper respiratory tract, and its symptoms are in some ways similar to angina, but much less pronounced. So, affecting the symptoms of pharyngitis, the following are distinguished:

• Pain in the throat when swallowing;
• In the region of the pharynx, perspiration and drying of the mucosa are felt;
• There is some increase in temperature, but rarely above 38 degrees thermometer;
• The palatine tonsil and nasopharyngeal mucosa are inflamed;
• In especially severe and advanced cases, purulent formations may appear on the back of the pharynx.

Diagnosing rhinitis is somewhat more difficult than angina, since the symptoms of this disease are less pronounced. However, once you feel pain in the throat with a pharynx, even a slight increase in temperature or general malaise is noticed, you should consult a doctor.

Speaking about the treatment of this disease, it will be less severe than with angina, if only for the simple reason that you are unlikely to have to take antibiotics. With pharyngitis, it is necessary to completely exclude the inhalation of cold air, smoking (both passive and active), the intake of irritating mucous foods, that is, the exclusion from the diet of spicy, sour, salty, and so on.

The next step will be the methodical rinsing of the eagle with special pharmaceutical preparations, or infusions of medicinal herbs such as sage, chamomile or calendula. Another great rinse method is to mix a teaspoon of salt and half a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of warm water, and add a few drops of iodine. Similar treatment contributes to the relief pain, removal of perspiration, inflammatory process, as well as disinfection of the upper respiratory tract and prevention of the formation of purulent deposits. It will also be useful to take antibacterial drugs, however, it is better to consult a specialist about this.

Chronic tonsillitis

This ailment falls well under the definition - chronic diseases of the upper respiratory tract. It is very easy to catch chronic tonsillitis, it is enough just not to cure a sore throat or start it to a chronic state.

In chronic tonsillitis, purulent deposits in the palatine tonsils are characteristic. In this case, the pus is most often clogged, and it becomes quite difficult to get rid of it. Very often, a person may not even suspect that he has this disease, but there are still diagnostic methods. The symptoms of chronic tonsillitis are as follows:

• Bad breath due to the presence of pus;
• Frequent sore throats;
• Constant perspiration, soreness, dryness in the throat;
• In moments of exacerbation, a cough or even fever may appear.

If we talk about the treatment of this disease, then it is fundamentally different from measures to get rid of angina. In chronic tonsillitis, it is necessary to undergo a course of special treatment, in which repeated washings of the palatine tonsils are carried out in the otolaryngologist's office in order to get rid of pus. Then, after each washing, ultrasonic heating follows, and all this is accompanied by home rinsing procedures for the eagle, exactly the same as for pharyngitis. Only such a methodical and quite long-term treatment can bear fruit. Unpleasant symptoms will go away, and you can get rid of this unpleasant disease forever.

Conclusion

Taking into account all of the above, we can say that the problems associated with diseases of the upper respiratory tract, although they are a fairly common problem for all mankind, their treatment is quite feasible. The main thing in this matter is to detect the symptoms of the disease in time, to be able to compare them and immediately consult a doctor so that an experienced specialist can prescribe you a treatment that matches the etiology of your disease.

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The upper respiratory tract (URT) is represented by the nasal cavity and pharynx. The initial sections of the respiratory tract are the first to encounter viruses and bacteria, which cause a significant proportion of infectious diseases. Pathological processes also often develop as a result of injuries and systemic diseases. Some conditions are prone to spontaneous healing, a number of other disorders require the involvement of specialized medical care.

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract

The structure of pathological disorders on the part of the upper respiratory tract is rationally divided according to several criteria.

Regarding the level of the inflammatory process, they are classified:

• Rhinitis is a disease of the nasal cavity.
• Sinusitis is a pathology of the paranasal sinuses.
• Private variants of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses: sinusitis ( maxillary sinus), frontal sinusitis (frontal), ethmoiditis (lattice).
• Pharyngitis - diseases of the pharynx.
• Combined lesions: rhinosinusitis, rhinopharyngitis.
• Tonsillitis and tonsillitis - an inflammatory reaction of the palatine tonsils.
• Adenoiditis - hypertrophy and inflammation of large pharyngeal lymphoid structures.

Pathologies of the upper respiratory tract develop under the influence of heterogeneous factors. The main causes of the defeat of the VDP are:

• mechanical damage, injury;
• ingress of foreign bodies;
• allergy;
• infections;
• congenital features and developmental anomalies.

Symptoms and treatment

The most significant proportion of diseases are inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract caused by viruses and bacteria. All respiratory infections are characterized by the presence of catarrhal syndrome and general intoxication of the body.

Typical manifestations of inflammation at the local level include:

• soreness;
• edema;
• redness;
• temperature increase;
• organ dysfunction.

With the defeat of the upper respiratory tract, a change in mucociliary clearance occurs. The formation of mucus by the cells of the respiratory epithelium is disrupted. For rhinitis initial stage characteristically abundant liquid secretion. Subsequently, the composition of the discharge changes to mucous and viscous mucopurulent. The pain syndrome is most inherent in inflammatory processes of other localization.

Manifestations of diseases are directly related to the level of damage and the etiological factor. Data from the patient's story of what worries him, the typical clinic and the results of a special examination allow the doctor to make an accurate diagnosis.

Rhinitis

The condition develops as a result of exposure to infectious agents or upon contact with an allergen against the background of existing sensitization. An adult suffers up to 3-4 viral rhinitis per year. Bacterial inflammation of the nasal mucosa develops mainly against the background of an untreated runny nose.

Isolated rhinitis proceeds in several phases:

Infants with a runny nose are naughty, they cannot fully suckle their breasts.

The total duration of uncomplicated rhinitis is up to 7, sometimes up to 10 days. If a person promptly resorts to washing the nose with saline solutions and common methods treatment (hot foot baths, warming tea with raspberries, sufficient sleep), the duration of the onset of a runny nose is reduced by 2 times.

The adaptive mechanisms of pathogens cause the appearance of resistance to non-specific types of protection. In weakened people, rhinitis can last up to 2-4 weeks and develop into a chronic form.

During an influenza epidemic, with the development of typical symptoms of this ARVI, a patient with a mild course of the disease is shown bed rest. Then, as the state improves, the activity expands. An important component in the treatment is the use of drugs that block neuraminidase (Oseltamivir, Zanamivir). The use of adamantanes (Remantadin) does not always reduce the viral load on the body.

Uncomplicated rhinitis with ARVI, as a rule, is cured with simple means. With a runny nose, vasoconstrictor drugs are used with concomitant irrigation of the nasal cavity with solutions of sea water. There are combined sprays and drops that combine a decongestive and salt component (for example, Rinomaris). The addition of bacterial inflammation requires the instillation of antibiotics. All patients are recommended an enhanced drinking regimen (tea, fruit drinks, warm water). With poor tolerance for fever, resort to paracetamol or Ibuprofen. The basis of the treatment of allergic rhinitis is the elimination of contact with the allergen, the use of antihistamines and subsequent hyposensitization therapy.

Sinusitis and rhinosinusitis

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, as a rule, is a complication of the common cold. The basis of the disease is swelling of the mucosa of the accessory sinuses, increased production of mucus in the latter and a violation of the outflow of secretions. In such conditions, a favorable environment is created for the reproduction of bacterial flora. Gradually, pus accumulates in the sinuses.

Patients, in addition to nasal congestion, the appearance of mucopurulent discharge, are worried about headaches. Body temperature usually rises significantly. Lethargy and irritability develop. The diagnosis is confirmed by x-ray examination of the sinuses. The images visualize areas of reduced aeration and areas of darkening of the sinuses.

Treatment is aimed at eliminating the infectious agent. With bacterial inflammation, antibiotics are prescribed in tablet form (less often, in injection form). The use of vasoconstrictors, nasal lavage and drainage of the focus of infection are shown. Mucolytics (Rinofluimucil) contribute to the thinning of a viscous secretion and improve its removal from the areas of "stagnation" of mucopurulent contents. In some cases, a medical puncture of the sinus with evacuation of pus is indicated.

There is a method of treatment with the help of YAMIK, carried out without a puncture. In this case, the contents of the sinuses are literally “sucked out” by a special device. The otolaryngologist may prescribe complex drops (Markova and others).

Sinusitis often occurs against the background of rhinitis. In such patients, a combination of pathological symptoms is observed. The condition is classified as rhinosinusitis.

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Acute inflammation The pharynx is considered mainly as ARVI or ARI - depending on the viral or bacterial origin. Patients are concerned about coughing, feeling of a lump and sore throat. Unpleasant sensations aggravated by swallowing. The general condition may worsen: there is a rise in temperature, weakness, lethargy.

On examination, the granularity of the posterior pharyngeal wall is noted, the appearance of pustules and raids is possible. Mucous membrane loose, red. Often this condition is accompanied by an increase in the palatine tonsils. Tonsillitis is also manifested by friability of the lymphoid tissue, hyperemia, with bacterial damage, the appearance of purulent plugs or translucent follicles with pus is observed. The patient's anterior cervical lymph nodes increase and become painful.

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis can be combined and isolated, but with a persistent local picture.

Treatment viral diseases carried out by irrigating the throat with antiseptic solutions (Chlorhexidine, Miramistin, Yoks). Effective results are obtained by using infusions and decoctions of chamomile, rinsing with soda-salt water. The patient is shown frequent warm drinking. Food must be mechanically processed (ground, boiled). Antipyretics are used symptomatically if necessary. At bacterial etiology diseases are prescribed appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Deviated septum

This condition is represented by a persistent deviation of the bony and/or cartilaginous structures of the septum from the median plane and is quite common. The curvature is formed due to injuries, prolonged improper treatment chronic rhinitis, individual features of development. Allocate various forms deformities, including ridges and spikes of the septum. The condition is often asymptomatic and does not require medical intervention.

In some patients, the pathology manifests itself in the form of:

Due to the difficulty of aeration of the paranasal sinuses, a pronounced curvature can be complicated by sinusitis and otitis media. If, against the background of the existing symptoms, another ENT pathology develops, they resort to surgical alignment of the septum.

Bleeding from the nose

The condition develops after injuries, with systemic and respiratory diseases. There are three degrees of nosebleeds:

• insignificant, in which the blood stops on its own, blood loss is minimal (several milliliters);
• moderate, up to 300 ml of blood is lost, hemodynamics is stable;
• strong or severe - loss of more than 300 ml, there are violations of the work of the heart and even the brain (with blood loss up to 1 liter).

As a self-help at home, it is necessary to apply cold to the bridge of the nose, press the nostril on the side of the bleeding. The head is tilted forward (it cannot be thrown back). The best would be the introduction of turunda soaked in hydrogen peroxide. In the absence of stopping bleeding, specialized nasal tamponade or cauterization of the bleeding vessel is required. In case of heavy blood loss, the infusion of solutions and the introduction of medicines(aminocaproic acid, Dicinon, etc.).

Also, the pathology of the upper respiratory tract includes other diseases of the nasal cavity and pharynx, which are diagnosed by an otolaryngologist (hematomas, perforations with a feeling of whistling through a pathological hole in the septum, adhesions and bridges between the mucosa, tumors). In such cases, only a specialist is able to conduct a comprehensive examination, the results of which determine the volume and tactics of treatment.

Diseases of the upper respiratory tract are common throughout the world and occur in every fourth inhabitant. These include tonsillitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis, adenoiditis, sinusitis and rhinitis. The peak of diseases falls on the off-season, then cases of inflamed processes take on a massive character. The reason for this is acute respiratory diseases or the influenza virus. According to statistics, an adult suffers up to three cases of the disease; in a child, inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs up to 10 times a year.

There are three main reasons for the development of various kinds of inflammation.

1. Virus. Influenza strains, rotoviruses, adenoviruses, mumps and measles, when ingested, cause an inflammatory reaction.
2. bacteria. Cause bacterial infection can become pneumococcus, staphylococcus, mycoplasma, meningococcus, mycobacteria and diphtheria, as well as whooping cough.
3. Fungus. Candida, aspergillus, actinomycetes cause a local inflammatory process.

Most of the listed pathogenic organisms are transmitted from humans. Bacteria, viruses are unstable to the environment and practically do not live there. Some strains of the virus or fungus can live in the body, but only manifest themselves when the body's defenses are reduced. Infection occurs during the period of activation of "sleeping" pathogenic microbes.

Among the main methods of infection should be distinguished:

• airborne transmission;
• household way.

Virus particles, as well as microbes, enter through close contact with an infected person. Transmission is possible when talking, coughing, sneezing. All this is natural in diseases of the respiratory tract, because the first barrier to pathogenic microorganisms is the respiratory tract.

Tuberculosis, diphtheria and Escherichia coli more often enters the host's body through the household route. Household and personal hygiene items become the link between a healthy and infected person. Anyone can get sick, regardless of age, gender, financial condition and social status.

Symptoms

The symptoms of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract are quite similar, with the exception of discomfort and pain, which are localized in the affected area. It is possible to determine the place of inflammation and the nature of the disease based on the symptoms of the disease, but it is really possible to confirm the disease and identify the pathogen only after a thorough examination.

All diseases are characterized incubation period, which lasts from 2 to 10 days, depending on the pathogen.

Rhinitis

Known to everyone as a runny nose, it is an inflammatory process of the nasal mucosa. A characteristic of rhinitis is exudate in the form of a runny nose, which, when microbes multiply, profusely goes outside. Both sinuses are affected, as the infection spreads rapidly.
Sometimes rhinitis may not cause a runny nose, but, on the contrary, manifest itself as severe congestion. If, nevertheless, discharge is present, then their nature directly depends on the pathogen. Exudate may be present clear liquid, and sometimes purulent discharge and green color.

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses resolves as a secondary infection and is manifested by difficulty breathing and a feeling of congestion.
Swelling of the sinuses causes headaches, has a negative effect on the optic nerves, and the sense of smell is disturbed. Discomfort and pain in the region of the bridge of the nose indicates a running inflammatory process. The discharge of pus is usually accompanied by fever and fever, as well as general malaise.

Angina

The inflammatory process in the region of the palatine tonsils in the pharynx causes a number of characteristic symptoms:

• pain when swallowing;
• difficulty in eating and drinking;
• fever;
• muscle weakness.

Angina can occur due to the ingestion of both a virus and a bacterium. At the same time, the tonsils swell, a characteristic plaque appears on them. With purulent tonsillitis, yellow and greenish overlays envelop the palate and mucous membrane of the throat. With a fungal etiology, a white coating of a curdled consistency.

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the throat is manifested by perspiration and dry cough. Breathing may be difficult from time to time. General malaise and subfebrile temperature is a non-permanent phenomenon. Pharyngitis usually occurs against the background of influenza and acute respiratory infections.

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the throat and vocal cords also develops against the background of influenza, measles, whooping cough and parainfluenza. Laryngitis is characterized by hoarseness and cough. The mucous membrane of the larynx swells so much that it interferes with breathing. Without treatment, in the form of stenosis of the walls of the larynx or muscle spasm. Symptoms without treatment only get worse.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi (this is the lower respiratory tract) is characterized by sputum or a strong dry cough. In addition, general intoxication and malaise.
On initial stage symptoms may not appear until the inflammation reaches the nerve processes.

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung tissue in the lower and upper departments of the lung that usually cause pneumococci, always general intoxication, fever and chills. Progressing, the cough with pneumonia intensifies, but sputum may appear much later. If non-infectious, symptoms may not appear. The symptoms are similar to a running cold and diseases are not always diagnosed on time.

Therapy Methods

After clarifying the diagnosis, treatment is started in accordance with the general condition of the patient, the cause that caused the inflammation. There are three main types of treatment:

• pathogenetic;
• symptomatic;
• etiotropic.

Pathogenetic treatment

It is based on stopping the development of the inflammatory process. For this, immunostimulating drugs are used so that the body itself can fight the infection, as well as auxiliary treatment that suppresses the inflammatory process.

To strengthen the body take:

• Anaferon;
• Amexin;
• Neovir;
• Levomax.

They are suitable for children and adults. It is pointless to treat diseases of the upper respiratory tract without immune support. If a bacterium has become the causative agent of inflammation of the respiratory system, treatment is carried out with Immudon or Bronchomunal. For individual indications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used. They're filming general symptoms and oppress the pain syndrome, this is important, especially if you treat a child who
hard to bear the disease.

Etiotropic method

Based on the suppression of the pathogen. It is important to stop the reproduction of the virus and bacteria in the upper sections, as well as to prevent their spread. The main thing is to accurately establish the strain of the virus and the etiology of pathogenic microbes in order to choose the right regimen and start treatment. Among antiviral drugs should be highlighted:

• Remantadine;
• Relenz;
• Arbidol;
• Kagocel;
• Isoprinosine.

They help only when the disease is caused by a virus. If it cannot be killed, as is the case with herpes, you can simply suppress the symptoms.

Bacterial inflammation of the respiratory tract can only be cured with antibacterial drugs, the dosage should be prescribed by a doctor. These drugs are very dangerous if used carelessly and can cause irreparable harm to the body.

For a child, such treatment can lead to complications in the future. Therefore, when choosing a drug, special attention is paid to the age of the patient, his physiological characteristics, and also conduct a test for the presence of allergic reactions. Modern pharmacology offers for the treatment effective drugs groups of macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones.

Symptomatic treatment

Since antibiotic or antifungal treatment has a gradual effect in most cases of the disease, it is important to suppress the symptoms that cause discomfort to the person. For this, there is a symptomatic treatment.

1. Nasal drops are used to suppress a runny nose.
2. Broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs or sprays are used to relieve sore throat, as well as reduce swelling. local application plant-based.
3. Symptoms such as cough or sore throat are suppressed with expectorants.

With severe swelling of the upper and lower parts of the lungs, symptomatic treatment does not always have the desired result. It is important not to use all known methods of treatment, but to choose the right scheme based on the complex elimination of symptoms and the causative agent of inflammation.

Inhalation will help to relieve puffiness, suppress cough and soreness in the upper parts of the throat, as well as stop a runny nose. A folk methods treatments can improve breathing and prevent oxygen starvation.

The main thing is not to self-medicate, but to undergo it under the supervision of a specialist and follow all his recommendations.

Infection of the respiratory system is the most common disease that almost every person suffers at least once a year. This diagnosis is one of the most common causes hospitalization and can lead to death. In order to prevent critical complications, it is important to diagnose the infection in time and treat it.

What it is?

Infectious diseases of the respiratory system are inflammation of one or more organs involved in breathing, that is:

• nasal cavity;
• pharynx;
• larynx;
• trachea;
• bronchi;
• lungs.

Inflammation occurs through the penetration of pathogenic microorganisms, which are divided into several groups according to the etiological factor:

• bacteria-, diphtheria, mycoplasmas, mycobacteria, whooping cough;
• viruses-, parainfluenza, adenovirus, roto- and rhinovirus, parotitis, measles;
• - Aspergillus, actinomycetes, Candida.

Pathogens enter the respiratory system by aerogenic or contact routes. There are two possible scenarios for how infection occurs:

• During communication, microparticles of saliva of a coughing and sneezing patient, who is the carrier of the infection, enter the organs.
• The disease is transmitted by inhalation of dust particles that contain infectious agents. Particularly resistant microorganisms are carried through household items - towels, dishes, toys and even furniture. These are scarlet fever, diphtheria, tonsillitis, mumps, tuberculosis. Remaining on the hands, they are subsequently transferred to the mucous membranes.

It is important to note that one of the causes of frequent infectious diseases is chronic processes of the upper respiratory tract. In connection with them, the body's resistance to colds decreases. Insufficient function of the immune system affects people with such chronic diseases:

• pathology of the liver and lungs;
• oncology.

Susceptibility to these diseases increases with climatic factors - dampness, frequent wind, low temperature.

Vaccinations aimed at developing resistance to viruses will help reduce the risk.

Classification of infections

According to the type of spread in the body, infections are divided into 4 groups:

1. Reproduction of infection at the injection site:

• SARS - a group of diseases that combines catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract;
• whooping cough - is expressed by bouts of convulsive cough and occurs mainly in children;
• measles - accompanied by fever, cough, conjunctivitis, rash on the body.

2. Damage to the oropharynx and mucous membrane:

• - tonsillitis (inflammation of the palatine tonsils);
• scarlet fever - manifested by sore throat, rash and subsequent peeling of the skin;
• diphtheria - swelling of the tonsils, the formation of a white membranous plaque on them, and the disease is dangerous by intoxication of the body;
• - damage to the pharynx and lymph nodes.

3. Spread of infection in the body:

• meningococcal meningitis - the disease is manifested by a runny nose, affects the mucous membranes of the brain, lungs;
• encephalitis of viral etiology - a complication of a generalized infectious disease that affects the brain;
• pneumonia () - a complication of a bacterial group of diseases, damage to the lung tissue;
• mumps (mumps) - inflammation of the salivary glands.

4. Infection of the respiratory organs with subsequent damage to the skin and mucous membranes:

• exanthema - the disease is accompanied by high fever and a rash of a different nature after its decline;
• enanthema - characterized by a rash on the mucous membranes;
• - accompanied by fever and papulovesicular rash on the body.

There is also the concept of acute illness respiratory tract of unspecified etiology (). What does this mean? The fact is that, according to scientists, there are more than 200 varieties of microorganisms and cold viruses. They are easily transmitted from one person to another. It can be quite difficult to identify a specific pathogen, unlike influenza viruses, which are easy to diagnose. In this case, they speak of an unspecified infection that caused damage to the respiratory organs.

Acute respiratory diseases cause significant discomfort to the patient and this knocks them out of the normal rhythm of life for at least a few days. The latent period can last from 2 to 10 days.

Symptoms depending on the type of infection

The main symptoms of a respiratory tract infection are:

• itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose (watery discharge from the nose);
• , cough is possible;
• slightly elevated temperature, chills;
• headache.

The characteristic symptoms depend on the specific disease. The most frequent are:

• Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Symptoms are runny nose and watery eyes. At the same time, yellow purulent discharge from the nose indicates the bacterial nature of the disease.
• , sinusitis, frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sinuses caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by shortness of breath due to swelling of the soft tissues of the nose, loss of smell, headache.
• Tonsillitis (tonsillitis) - a lesion of the tonsils in the oropharynx. Caused by a viral and bacterial infection. It is accompanied by an increase in the tonsils, chills and general malaise. The presence of a yellow-green coating on the tonsils indicates purulent tonsillitis.
• Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharyngeal mucosa. It is characterized by a sore throat, dry cough and general weakness.
• Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx. Accompanied by hoarseness, "barking" cough, heavy breathing, fever.
• Tracheitis is a disease of the tube located between the larynx and the main bronchi. Characterized by dry cough, weakness.
• Bronchitis is a lesion of the bronchial mucosa.
• Pneumonia is an inflammation of the tissues of the lungs. Bacterial infection, accompanied by high fever and cough.
• ARI, SARS - a common lesion of the respiratory tract, combining several symptoms.

The first symptoms of manifestation acute form inflammation of the respiratory system is noticeable as early as 12 hours after infection. They are especially intense in the first few days of virus penetration. If the flu becomes the causative agent, the patient's condition changes dramatically within the first hours after the infection enters the body.

The main difference between a viral pathogen and a bacterial one is a sharp increase in temperature, symptoms of infection upper divisions respiratory tract (nose, throat), heavy breathing. The presence of wheezing in viral etiology indicates the addition of a secondary infection. With the bacterial form of the pathogen, an increasing development of the disease is noted, yellow purulent discharge from the nose, their presence on the palatine tonsils, dry or moist cough with sputum.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of the disease is based on a combination of various indicators:

• features of the development of the disease;
• symptoms;
• the results of the examination of the patient;
• laboratory confirmations ( general analysis blood).

For certain indications, they are also prescribed: x-ray, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, sputum analysis for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics.

Treatment

Therapy against respiratory diseases is prescribed in the complex. Etiotropic treatment is carried out in order to prevent the reproduction of the infection.

With a viral etiology of the disease, drugs such as:

• Arbidol
• Kagocel
• Remantadine
• Tamiflu

It is important to understand that this antiviral agents, which are absolutely not effective in the bacterial nature of the disease. In this case, antibiotic therapy is prescribed. effective means This group of drugs are:

• Azithromycin
• Erythromycin
• Clarithromycin
• Amoxicillin

In case of a disease of the lower respiratory system (except for the above), the following are also effective:

• Ofloxacin
• Levofloxacin

For a bacterial infection, the following drugs are effective:

• IRS-19
• Imudon
• Bronchomunal

Pathogenetic treatment is carried out in order to alleviate the condition and speed up the recovery of the patient. For this, drugs such as:

• Cycloferon
• Grippferon
• Lavomax
• Amiksin
• Viferon

Also, under certain indications, a doctor may prescribe combined anti-inflammatory drugs - Erespal and others.

Symptomatic treatment is prescribed to improve well-being by relieving the symptoms of a cold. Drugs are prescribed depending on the disease. For example:

• with rhinitis - Nazol, Pinosol;
• with angina - Geksoral, Tantum Verde, Pharyngosept;
• when coughing - expectorants, mucolytic agents (ACC, Bromhexine, Ambroxol, Sinekod, Falimint).

For some ailments, alkaline inhalations, the use of an ultrasonic inhaler, and a nebulizer are excellent.

Also widely used folk remedies treatment - the same inhalations with the addition essential oils, reception of infusions and decoctions of chamomile, sage, thyme.

Prevention

Vaccination is a specific prophylaxis against infections. The most common among children and adults are seasonal flu shots. Children are vaccinated against pneumococcus, measles, rubella, and meningococcus.

As a preventive measure in the cold season of the year, one of the following drugs is also taken:

• Remantadine - 1 time per day (100 mg).
• Amiksin - 1 tablet per week.
• Dibazol - 1/4 tablet 1 time per day.
• Arbidol (in contact with the patient) - 1 tablet 2 times a day with a break of 3-4 days, course - 3 weeks.

Such funds are aimed at stimulating the human immune system, after which the body becomes more resistant to infections.

Also distinguished are the following preventive measures from respiratory diseases:

• In moderation, consume such foods: garlic, onions, honey, lemon, raspberries. Recommends drinking decoctions of oregano, linden.
• Wash your hands and your children's hands often, especially after coughing and blowing your nose. The process should last at least 30 seconds with the obligatory use of soap. Alcohol-based cleansers can also be used. Dry your hands with disposable towels.

  If you have been in contact with a person who is showing symptoms, before you can wash your hands, avoid touching your face (eyes, nose, mouth).

• Avoid hypothermia and strengthen immunity, for which you will need to follow the normal daily routine, healthy sleep and balanced nutrition. In addition, indispensable prevention of respiratory diseases are walking in the fresh air, swimming and hardening, breathing exercises.

Features of respiratory diseases in children

Children are more likely to endure respiratory diseases during the year than adults. This is due to the fact that the immune system children are not yet fully formed and cannot fight infection as actively as adults. Especially often children under 3-4 years old who attend children's groups get sick.

However, some children can endure only a few mild colds per year, while others will have time to catch a cold more than 10 times during this time. This is due to the fact that some children have an innate predisposition to frequent illnesses SARS. The reason is the weak protection of the mucous membrane from viral infections. However, this does not mean that the child is immunocompromised.

The most common causative agents of the common cold are rhinoviruses, of which there are more than 100 varieties. Having been ill with one of these infections, the body does not form immunity resistance to others. Diseases are also caused by coronaviruses, adenoviruses, influenza and parainfluenza.

Video: respiratory infections

A specialist in the field of medicine will talk about typical respiratory diseases and methods of treatment:
Respiratory tract infections are very important to treat on time and correctly, otherwise there is a high risk serious complications, including the spread of inflammation to other organs (eg, ears). In addition, a bacterial infection can join a viral infection, and the disease becomes chronic. For proper treatment, you should consult a doctor, and not self-medicate.

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