Freemasonry, despite its 300-year history, remains the most closed organization. He is credited with incredible influence in the world, untold wealth, secret conspiracies, the overthrow of rulers and revolutions. Who are the Freemasons, or, as they are also called, "Freemasons"? How many of them are in Russia? And which of the famous domestic figures is included in the Masonic lodges today?
And the kings there
It would be strange if the word "mason" in Russia did not become synonymous with "conspiracy". The very Russian policy, at all times behind the scenes, purely Byzantine, when everything is decided "under the rug", could not but give rise to the idea of a secret conspiracy. Yes, and no wonder. Take at least the Decembrists - almost half of them were Freemasons (the most famous are Pestel, Muravyov-Apostol, Bestuzhev, Ryleev). Even Pushkin - our everything - and he was a member of the Masonic lodge. Moreover, the Russian tsars were Freemasons! According to some reports, the first Freemason of Russia was Peter I. Emperor Peter III was also a member of the brotherhood of "freemasons". Tsar Paul I was brought up by Freemasons and surrounded himself with Freemasons. Freemasonry flourished in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, under Alexander I. He himself was a Freemason. The culprit of the Russian fashion for Freemasonry is Napoleon Bonaparte, who elevated Freemasonry in France to a government body. The Russian establishment actively traveled to France and decided to copy the idea for Russia. But the Masonic business did not work for us. And in 1822, Alexander I banned the lodge, although he resisted for a long time: "I myself shared and encouraged these illusions, therefore it is not for me to punish them." But even under Alexander II there were still freemasons-ministers.
After the 1917 revolution, Russian lodges moved abroad. And in Russia they appeared only in 1992. Who is sitting in the box now?
Gorbachev was also offered
The infamous historian Platonov, who reveals various kinds of "conspiracies against the Russian people," published "lists of Russian Masons." He claims that Brezhnev, Yeltsin were Masons, Gorbachev, Luzhkov, Primakov, Abramovich, Berezovsky, Voloshin (ex-head of the Kremlin administration), Kiriyenko, Kozyrev, Gaidar, Yavlinsky, Nemtsov (and almost all famous politicians 90s), Kasparov, banker Aven, ex-banker Gerashchenko, Khodorkovsky, director Govorukhin, businessman Bendukidze, Tsereteli, as well as human rights activists Alekseeva, Ponomarev, Kovalev. And a few hundred more well-known names. (By the way, the Masons themselves officially refute the involvement of Yeltsin, Gorbachev, Gaidar in Masonic lodges.)
A funny fact is published in one of the historical books: supposedly in 1990, the secretary of the Soviet embassy in France was invited to the Masonic order. He was asked to convey an invitation to the President of the USSR Gorbachev to join the lodge. The secretary refused: “Mikhail Sergeevich adheres to universal values and does not intend to be a member of the lodges!”
It seems that these lists should be treated with a great deal of irony.
Secret signs
What else did you manage to find out about Freemasonry. To recognize a freemason (in the view of many - a gloomy gentleman with a tenacious look, similar to a spy) in a citizen who jokes nicely with you at a secular party and, in general, charm itself, is almost unrealistic. Although there are many secret, strictly classified Masonic signs that they can exchange with each other (one of these signs, they say, forming a circle of the thumb and forefinger). But now the secret signs practically do not work. Not a single lodge will accept a visiting Mason if he does not have a letter of recommendation and confirmation by phone from the leadership of the "brotherly lodge". Strangers, in short, do not go there. If the Freemasons find a stranger in their circle, they warn each other: "It's raining." So if you hear this, at least manage not to look like an eccentric and exclaim: “Where? The sun is in the yard!
Masonic symbols mainly reflect the construction theme. Compasses, hammer, hatchet, ruler; five-pointed and six-pointed stars; a triangle with an all-seeing eye placed inside, etc.
It seems incredible, but in Moscow it is quite possible to open the Masonic Moscow excursion tour: buildings with Masonic symbols built by the architect Vasily Bazhenov in the 18th century have been preserved: for example, the Tsaritsyno estate, the Tsar's Traveling Palace on Leningradskoye Highway. There are Masonic signs on the mansion of Prince Gagarin (a famous Freemason) in Gagarinsky Lane, as well as on the old building of Moscow State University on Mokhovaya (built in the late 19th - early 20th centuries).
A typical Masonic sign is depicted on the US dollar bill (which is not surprising, given that most US presidents belong to Freemasonry), as well as on the 500-hryvnia Ukrainian bill.
I was lucky: I managed to communicate with the main Freemason of Russia Andrei Bogdanov, who is called "the great master of the Grand Lodge of Russia."
FROM THE HISTORY
Freemasonry was born in London in 1717, June 24 is still celebrated as the main Masonic holiday. Four London lodges of artisans, named after the taverns where they met - "Grape Bunch", "Crown", "Apple", "Goose and Tray" - merged into the Grand Lodge of London. Then the intelligentsia, merchants, and the nobility began to join the brotherhood of "free masons". Historians believe that intellectuals were brought to Freemasonry by ideological quests, they liked democratic customs and the construction of a class of artisans, the desire to help each other.
LEGENDS
There is a version that Mozart, a member of the Masonic lodge, was poisoned because in his "Magic Flute" he revealed Masonic secrets. Masons are very fond of this work. When The Magic Flute is performed at the Vienna Opera, during the Master's aria, several dozen people in the hall stand up - these are Freemasons.
ONLY NUMBERS
There are 1 million 800 thousand Freemasons in the USA, about 300 thousand in Great Britain. There are about 400 Freemasons in Russia.
Membership fees (per year): in the USA - 100 dollars, in Europe - 400 - 600 euros, in Russia - about 300 dollars per year plus voluntary donations.
BY THE WAY
Women are closed
The lodge meets once a month. A candidate for Masons must receive the recommendations of 2 - 3 "brothers". The future "freemason" passes "polls under the bandage" (in front of). The main question is the motives for joining the lodge. Vote with black and white balls. If the candidate scored 3 black balls, he is denied access not only to this box, but also to any other.
Also at the meeting of the lodges, Masons read out reports of a moral and philosophical nature (the so-called "architectural works").
After the official part - dinner (agapa): the first toast is obligatory - for Russia, the second - for its president, the third - for the box and its master.
Women are not accepted as "freemasons".
OPINION OF THE HISTORIAN
The oligarchs are still on the sidelines
For answers to questions that the chief Mason did not clarify, I went to Sergey KARPACHEV, Doctor of Historical Sciences, author of four books on Freemasonry: “Modern domestic Freemasonry consists of intelligentsia - teachers, journalists, entrepreneurs, officers, mostly retired. There are no active politicians, including high-ranking ones, there are no oligarchs among the Masons. Freemasonry does not pose political problems. The main occupation of Russian "free stoners" is ritual work, the preparation of "architectural" essays on ethical, philosophical and historical topics. It is extremely weak materially and can hardly support itself. Freemasonry will not flourish in Russia, as at the beginning of the 19th century: neither morally nor intellectually it is ready for Freemasonry. Russia is an anti-Masonic country, Nazism, fascism, but certainly not Freemasonry, can rather revive in our country. Another thing is that experts and journalists (sometimes out of ignorance, more often consciously) refer other organizations to Freemasonry - the elite Rotary Club or the Order of Malta, which was just created by the Catholic Church to combat Freemasonry.
Who was a Mason?
Pushkin (and, by the way, his persecutor, gendarmerie chief Benkendorf), Suvorov, Kutuzov, Radishchev, Karamzin, Fonvizin, Bestuzhev, Ryleev, Muravyov-Apostol. Kerensky, Petlyura, artist Bryullov, composer Rimsky-Korsakov, princes Golitsyn, Volkonsky, Vyazemsky, Kurakins, Trubetskoy, Razumovsky.
US Presidents Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt, Truman, Prime Minister of England Churchill, banker Rothschild, car magnates Citroen, Henry Ford, composers Liszt, Mozart, Haydn, writers Swift, Defoe, Scott, Wilde, Kipling, Conan Doyle, poets Heine, Goethe , illusionist Guddini, jazzman Duke Ellington.
In the price now other connections
It's no secret that Freemasons helped each other in their careers. It was not accidental, after all, that Freemasonry became rampant among the presidents of the United States and the highest officials of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. Is it possible to revive Freemasonry in Russia at such a high level? Unlikely. Now the price is not Masonic, but Kremlin connections. And it seems that there are no Masons in the Kremlin after all.
Of course, domestic Masons would like to see influential politicians and wealthy fellow citizens, ideally oligarchs, in their ranks. But the former are unlikely to risk participating in secret projects. And the latter are too busy with their business and they have no time to participate in archaic rituals and philosophical hearings. And if business people have time, then it can be passed in another closed elite club. It is no coincidence that retired officers come to Freemasonry, experiencing a lack of communication, and maybe even a need to "think about the soul."
Of course, Freemasonry can become fashionable if suddenly some very influential politician declares himself a Freemason. But there are no such "originals" in power yet. Although, given the tortuous and mysterious path of Freemasonry, one can hardly say anything categorically about this phenomenon. Anything, you know, happened in our history...
FIRST-HAND
Andrei Vladimirovich, people think of Freemasons as something frightening, mystical and archaic, but still very influential. What is Freemasonry really?
Freemasonry is 300 years old, it is an organization, more precisely, a conglomeration of ancient initiatory organizations with a very respectable history, with an internal philosophy, with goals lying in the field of morality, where Masonic etiquette is extremely significant. This is a specific view of the world, maybe even a specific way of life. The main Masonic task is to reveal the spiritual potential of a person. Through moral and philosophical quests. The goal, if you will, is to make a good person even better. The organization is closed, but in all countries it is strictly loyal to the authorities in whose territory it operates.
They say that the Masons want to revive the monarchy in Russia, and that they wrote the sensational book "Project Russia"?
Discussion of political issues, including the state system, is prohibited among Masons. 300 years of history suggests that we must behave respectably and think about the long future.
Could it happen that the Masonic lodge in Russia will try to enter the State Duma?
Excluded, as Freemasonry is a non-political organization. Although in ordinary life (as Freemasons say, profane) a person can engage in any kind of activity, including politics. But in general, the lodge - no, of course.
And let's say, get out of the "underground" and open an office in Moscow on Tverskaya?
So someday it will be. Masonic lodges in Great Britain, France have official offices in the center of capitals.
Is Russian freemasonry going to participate in any open public projects?
Freemasonry in the world conducts a lot of social and charitable projects. For example, in the USA it officially maintains a large network of children's hospitals, where children with cancer and other serious diseases are treated free of charge. I think, when Russian freemasonry becomes stronger, some complex social projects will take over.
War and Peace describes the impressive ritual of Pierre Bezukhov's Masonic initiation. Now it's the same - a closed room, candles, a bandage over the eyes of a newcomer?
Many rituals have survived.
Is there a version that the Soviet symbol - a five-pointed star - was borrowed by the Bolsheviks from the Masons?
The flaming five-pointed star is one of the symbols of the second degree of Masonic lodges. The symbol is ancient, Freemasonry has no exclusive rights to it, it could be borrowed from other sources.
Are there famous people, politicians among Russian Freemasons?
The names of the brothers are always and under all circumstances beyond disclosure. The Mason has the right to reveal his name, but only his own. But never - the names of the brothers. This circumstance, as you understand, prevents a frank answer to your question. I would like to use the Masonic tradition of not disclosing names. Ask this question personally to those from whom you want to hear the answer.
Yes, I can imagine: “Ivan Ivanovich, are you a Mason?” It will be especially effective at a press conference. But at least tell me, are there politicians of the highest rank among them?
No comment.
Often they put an equal sign between Masons and Jews, they talk about conspiracies ...
Those who use the term "Jewish Freemasonry" are a very comprehensible audience in their simplicity. Freemasonry is non-national and non-denominational. A Freemason can be a Christian, a Muslim, or a Jew.
But why then are conspiracies attributed to Freemasons?
Is it only for Masons? The policy of closedness, the extensive network of Freemasonry, the age-old history - all this is conducive to accusing Freemasonry of some kind of secret conspiracies.
But Freemasonry has enemies?
We provide a list of the most famous Russian Freemasons without discussing their real contribution to history, culture and science. This list is, of course, far from complete. It is only indisputable that all the freemasons listed below influenced the development of our country, national culture or Russian Freemasonry. If you are interested in studying the biographies of these individuals, then our researchers will always be happy to help you and begin to exchange information with you.
Names of Russian Freemasons:
G.V. Adamovich, N.D. Avksentiev, V.K. Agafonov, M.A. Aldanov, Alexander I, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, A.S. Alperin, E.V. Anichkov, G.P. Apukhtin, V.S. Arseniev, M.I. Bagryansky, V.I. Bazhenov, M.A. Bakunin, A.D. Balashev, M.P. Barataev, G.S. Batenkov, N.M. Bakhtin, I.V. Beber, V.V. Belikov, Andrey Bely, A.Kh. Benkendorf, L.L. Benningsen, N.A. Bestuzhev, A.I. Bibikov, I.Ya. Bilibin, P.A. Bobrinsky, V.Ya. Bogucharsky (Yakovlev), A.T. Bolotov, P.A. Bolotov, V.L. Borovikovsky, A.I. Braudo, A.P. and K.P. Bryullov, P.A. Buryshkin, N.P. Vasilenko, D.N. Verderevsky, A.P. Veretennikov, F.F. Vigel, M.Yu. Vielgorsky, A.L. Vitberg, S.G. Volkonsky, M.A. Voloshin, A.N. Voronikhin, G. Voronov, A.R. and S.R. Vorontsovs, V.V. Vyrubov, G.N. Vyrubov, V.L. Vyazemsky, A. Württembergsky, G.P. Gagarin, G.I. Gazdanov, S.I. Gamaleya, M.V. Garder, K.V. Gvozdanovich, Z.N. Gippius, F.N. Glinka, M.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, P.I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, A.N. Golitsyn, A.B. Golitsyn, D.V. Golitsyn, E.A. Golovin, N.A. Golovin, .K. Greig, N.I. Grech, A.S. Griboyedov, M.S. Grushevsky, K.K. Grunwald, R.B. Gul, G.D. Gurvich, I.P. Demidov, N.A. Divov, M.A. Dmitriev, A.I. Dmitriev-Mamonov, M.A. Dmitriev-Mamonov, M.V. Dobuzhinsky, Don Aminado, L.V. Dubelt, N.A. Dyakov, I.M. Evreinov, N.N. Evreinov, I.P. Elagin, V.N. Emelyanov, B.N. Ermolov, I.N. Efremov, V.E. Zhabotinsky, V.A. Zhukovsky, V.M. Zenzinov, V.P. Zubov, A.G. Zusman, A.K. Ypsilanti, N.I. Healed, V.D. Kamynin, L.D. Kandaurov, N.M. Karamzin, A.M. Karamyshev, Z.Ya. Karneev, A.V. Kartashev, E.I. Kedrin, I. J. Keith, A.F. Kerensky, F.P. Klyucharev, A.P. Klyagin, M.M. Kovalevsky, F.F. Kokoshkin, A.I. Konovalov, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, M.G. Kornfeld, N.A. Kotlyarevsky, A. Kotzebue, V.P. Kochubey, I.A. Krivoshein, K.R. Krovopuskov, L.A. Krol, M.A. Krol, S.S. Crimea, V.D. Kuzmin-Karavaev, A.M. Kulisher, Alexander and Alexey Kurakins, E.D. Kuskova, A.M. Kutuzov, G.G. Kushelev, E.A. Kushelev, A.F. Labzin, A. Ladyzhensky, A.F. Langeron, S.S. Lanskoy, V.I. Lebedev, V.A. Levshin, A.S. Levitsky, D.G. Levitsky, A.A. Lenivtsev, J. Lenz, S.G. Lianozov, A.A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, I.V. Lopukhin, I.S. Lukash, V.I. Lukin, A.M. Lunin, V.L. Lukashevich, V.V. Lyschinsky-Troekurov, M.L. Magnitsky, A.I. Maze, V.A. Maklakov, S.K. Makovsky, A.I. Mamontov, M.S. Margulies, A.P. Markov, I.I. and P.I. Melissino, N.M. Melnikov, M.S. Mendelson, A.S. Menshikov, D.S. Merezhkovsky, K.M. Miklashevsky, B.S. Mirkin-Getsevich, Metropolitan Michael (Desnitsky), K. V. Mochulsky, S.D. Mstislavsky, A.N. Muravyov, S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, D.S. Navashin, E.A. Nagrodskaya, A.A. Nartov, A.L. Naryshkin, M.I. Nevzorov, N.V. Nekrasov, Yu.A. Neledinsky-Meletsky, S.D. Nechaev, P.A. Nilus, N.I. Novikov, N.N. Novosiltsov, A.S. Norov, V.P. Obninskiy, V.A. Obolensky, P.I. Ozerov, G.V. Orlov, M.A. Osorgin, A.I. Osterman-Tolstoy, Pavel I, P.N. Pavlov-Silvansky, N.I. and P.I. Panin, D.S. Pasmanik, M.V. Pervago, P.N. Pereverzev, A.A. Perovsky (Pogorelsky), P.I. Pestel, S.V. Petlyura, Peter III, S.I. Pleshcheev, O.A. Pozdeev, I. Polinyak, P.A. Polovtsev, P.P. Pomian-Pesarovius, D.I. Popov, S.K. Pototsky, G.M. Pokhodyashin, B.Yu. Pregel, S.N. Prokopovich, A.I. Putilov, A.S. Pushkin, A.N. Radishchev, A.K. and K.G. Razumovsky, F.M. Rakhmanov, Baron Reichel, N.V. Repnin, A.P. Rimsky-Korsakov, E.V. de Roberti, D.P. Runich, K.F. Ryleev, V.P. Ryabushinsky, B.V. Savinkov, V.F. Safonov, P.L. Safonov, I.N. Sakharov, Yu.F. Semenov, Ya.F. Skaryatin, M.I. Skobelev, P.P. Skoropadsky, G.B. Sliozberg, M.L. Slonim, G.Ya. Smirnov, N.D. Sokolov, P.A. Sokolov, S.A. Sokolov (Krechetov), S.I. Sokolov, B.V. Sosinsky, M. M. Speransky, R.S. Stepanov, A.S. and P.A. Stroganovs, M.A. Struve, A.V. Suvorov, A.P. Sumarokov, V.E. Tatarinov, P.A. and P.P. Tatishchev, B.V. Telepnev, M.M. Ter-Poghosyan, Yu.K. Terapiano, N.V. Teslenko, S.P. Theakston, F.P. Tolstoy, A.S. Trachevsky, S.N. Tretyakov, N.N., S.P. and Yu.N. Trubetskoy, A.A. Trubnikov, Alexander, Ivan, Nikolai and Sergey Turgenev, N.I. Utkin, I.A. Fessler, I.I. Fidler, M.M. Filonenko, M.A. Fonvizin, S.P. Fonvizin, I.I. Fondaminsky-Bunakov, A.A. Frolov, K.N. Khagandokov, A.I. Khatisov, M. M. Kheraskov, P. Ya. Chaadaev, N.V. Tchaikovsky, H.A. Chebotarev, P.P. Chekalevsky, Z.G. Chernyshev, G.I. Chernyshev, I.G. Chernyshev, Sasha Cherny, Baron L. Chudi, N.S. Chkheidze, A.I. Chkhenkeli, A.N. Shakhmatov, F.P. Shakhovskoy, I.E. Schwartz, P.I. Schwartz, D.A. Sheremetev, A.I. Shingarev, S.P. Shipov, A.S. Shishkov, I.A. Stark, F.I. Schubert, I.I. Shuvalov, P.A. Shuvalov, P.E. Shchegolev, M.M. Shcherbatov, M.S. Shchulepnikov, Vs. Eikhenbaum (Volin), S.Ya. Efron, P.N. Yablochkov, V.I. Jacobson.
List of "false brothers":
Here is also a list of "false brothers", about whom they write about in the literature, but who were not Freemasons (although some, by their qualities, could become such):Adzhemov M.S., A.F. Aladin, Alekseev M.V., Andreev N.E., Apostol P.N., Argunov A.A., Aronson G.Ya., Bak Yu., Baranovsky V.L., Bark P.L., Baryshnikov A. A., Baryatinsky V.V., Bakhrushin D.P., Belotsvetov N., Belotsvetov S.A., Berberov M.I., Bernatsky M.V., Bobrinsky V.A., Bogdanov B.O., Bogolepov A.A., Botkin S.D., Braikevich M.V., Vishnitzer M.L., Voronovich N.V., Vyazemsky D.L., Gavronsky B.O., Gaidar E.T., Gvozdev K A., Goldstein M.L., Gorbachev M.S., Gorky Maxim, Grimm D.D., Gulkevich K.N., Gumilev N.S., Gurko V.I., Guchkov N.I., Dzhivilegov A.K., Dolgorukov P.D., Yeltsin B.N., Zarudny A.S., Seeler V.F., Islavin L.V., Ichas M.M., Karpovich M.M., Kedrov M. A., Kizevetter A.A., Kiselev N.P., Krymov A.M., Kuvaev I.M., Kutler N.N., Lomonosov Yu.V., Lopukhin S.A., Loris-Melikov I. G., Lvov V.N., Lvov G.E., Manikovsky A.A., Meller-Zakomelsky V.V., Milyukov P.N., Muravyov N.K., Muromtsev S.A., Nabokov K. D., Nikitin A.M., Nobel E.L., Nolde B.E., Oldenburg S.F., Otsup N.A., Panina S.V., Petrazhitsky L.I., Peshkov Z.A. , P E. P. Eshkova, S. A. Poklevsky-Kozell, A. A. Polivanov, G. P. Polkovnikov, F. I. Rodichev, P. M. Rutenberg, M. V. Sabashnikov, S. S. Salazkin, Svatikov S.G., Semeka A.V., Stakhovich M.A., Struve P.B., Stupnitsky A.F., Timashev N.S., Trotsky L.D., Trubetskoy G.N., Turgenev I. S., Tyrkova-Williams A.V., Fedorov M.M., Kheraskov I.M., Khrustalev-Nosar G.S., Chelnokov M.V., Cheremisov V.A., Chubais A.B., Shidlovsky S.I., Shchepkin D.M., Shchepkin N.N., Elkin B.I., Engelgardt B.A., Yakovlev A.N., Yakubovich M.P.
Foreign famous Freemasons:
The number of foreign Freemasons is huge so that you can adequately imagine the role of Freemasonry in world history (we will stipulate right away that we are not going to engage in an apology for Freemasonry, in different historical periods and in different countries Freemasonry played a different role, and most importantly, it did not represent a single organization ) here is a very short list of members of foreign lodges, comparable in terms of the number of names included in it with the Russian list:- leader of the national liberation movement Abd El-Kader,
- author of the first Masonic constitution, James Anderson,
- famous jazz musician Louis Armstrong,
- the creator of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk),
- sculptor, known to all by the statue of "Liberty" Frederic Auguste Bartholdi,
- leader of the theosophical movement, Annie Besant,
- actress Josephine Baker,
- Czechoslovak President Eduard Beneš
- French marshal and Swedish king, founder of an entire Masonic dynasty, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte,
- French Marshal Ferdinand Berthier,
- composer Ludwig van Beethoven,
- French politician Louis Blanc,
- famous revolutionary Louis Auguste Blanqui,
- writer Vicent Blasco Ibanez,
- the winner at the battle of Waterloo Gerhardt Blucher,
- Viceroy of Italy, Eugene de Beauharnais,
- "liberator" of Latin America Simon Bolivar,
- king of Westphalia Jerome Bonaparte,
- Spanish King Joseph Bonaparte,
- Nobel laureate Jules Bordet,
- famous zoologist Alfred Brehm,
- Scottish poet Robert Burns
- composer Richard Wagner
- Minister and prominent figure of the Second International Emil Vandervelde,
- US Presidents George Washington, Warren Harding, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Harry Truman, Gerald Ford,
- one of the winners at Waterloo, the Duke of Wellington,
- Indian Politician Vivekanada,
- French Marshal Victor,
- poet Christoph Martin Wieland,
- Dutch King William I of Orange,
- the first German emperor Wilhelm I, English kings Wilhelm IV, George I, George IV, George V, George VI, Edward VII, Duke of Windsor (abdicated King Edward VIII),
- the outstanding specialist in symbolism Oswald Wirth,
- philosopher and writer Voltaire,
- composer Joseph Haydn,
- politician Leon Gambetta,
- founder of homeopathy Samuel Hannemann,
- the famous Italian Giuseppe Garibaldi,
- actor David Garrick,
- Rotary Club founder Paul Harris
- esoteric Rene Guenon,
- German Philosopher Georg Friedrich Hegel
- poet Heinrich Heine
- famous rationalist Helvetius,
- writer Johann Georg Herder
- J. Gershwin,
- writer Johann Wolfgang Goethe
- doctor, deputy, unfairly considered the inventor of the instrument of "gentle death" Ignaz Joseph Guillotin,
- one of the leaders of the American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers,
- Grez artist,
- one of the fathers of cinema, David Griffith,
- sculptor Houdon,
- Freemasonry reformer Karl Gund,
- President of the Second International Camille Huysmans,
- French Marshal Davout,
- artist Augusto Giacometti,
- US Presidents Andrew Jackson, Lyndon Johnson and Andrew Johnson,
- writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle,
- French Presidents Paul Doumer and Gaston Doumergue,
- Austrian Emperor Joseph II,
- famous Italian politician Cavour,
- famed for his memoirs of Casanova,
- adventurer and founder of "Egyptian Freemasonry" Cagliostro,
- Swedish King Charles III Vase,
- Scottish writer and philosopher Thomas Carlyle
- writer Rudyard Kipling
- German poet Klopstock
- gunsmith and inventor Samuel Colt,
- writer Benjamin Constant
- builder of the Rockefeller Center in New York Harvey Corbett,
- Polish "dictator" Tadeusz Kosciuszko,
- Hungarian politician Lajos Kossuth,
- French Academician Lalande,
- writer Alphonse Lamartine
- physicist and peer of France Laplace,
- famous American general and French politician Lafayette,
- son-in-law of K. Marx Paul Lafargue,
- occultist Eliphas Levi,
- famous theosophist Leadbeater,
- writer Giacomo Leopardi
- writer Gottgold Ephraim Lessing,
- author of the American Declaration of Independence Robert Livingston,
- composer Franz Liszt,
- philosopher Émile Littre
- inventor of anesthesia Crawford Long,
- French Ambassador to Russia Lauriston,
- supporter of the revolution, Louis Philippe d'Orléans,
- Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini
- American President William McKinley,
- poet Stéphane Mallarme
- "friend of the people" Jean-Paul Marat,
- Cuban politician Jose Marti,
- mystic Martinez de Pasqually,
- known to us for his "plan" for post-war reconstruction, General George Marshall,
- founder of the Republican Party in the United States, James Madison,
- philosopher Mayer Mendelsohn,
- propagandist of magnetism Franz Anton Mesmer,
- famous publicist Joseph de Maistre,
- Latin American Revolutionary Francesco Miranda,
- Nobel laureate Albert Michelson,
- one of the inventor brothers Jacques Etienne Montgolfier,
- philosopher Charles Montesquieu
- General Antonio Morales,
- composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
- artist Alphonse Mucha,
- French Marshal Joachim Murat,
- "Prince of Moscow" and French Marshal Michel Ney,
- Admiral Horatio Nelson,
- writer Gerard de Nerval
- German pacifist and Nobel Peace Prize winner Carl von Ossietzky,
- US Army Commander General John Joseph Pershing
- Polish king Stanislaw August Poniatowski,
- English poet Alexander Pope,
- the first president of the Republic of South Africa M.V. Pretorius,
- author of "Manon Lescaut" Abbé Prevost,
- anarchist theorist P.-J. Proudhon
- artist Prudhon, famous inventor George Pullman,
- anarchists Paul and Elise Reclus,
- architect Sir Christopher Wren,
- Spanish Revolutionary Rafael Riego,
- banker Ferdinand Rothschild,
- author of "La Marseillaise" Rouget de Lisle,
- American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
- American Legislator John Sullivan,
- the famous Carbonari Aurelio Salizetti,
- "father" of American television David Sarnoff,
- writers Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe,
- French writer and diplomat Segur,
- famous adventurer Count Saint-Germain,
- philosopher and writer Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin,
- socialist philosopher Count Henri de Saint-Simon,
- Finnish musician Jean Sibelius
- designer and factory owner Andre Citroen,
- novelist Sir Walter Scott
- Museum founder Sir John Soane
- writer Mark Twain,
- writer Oscar Wilde,
- politician Jules Favre,
- Nobel laureate, doctor, "father of vaccination" Alexander Flemming,
- American politician Benjamin Franklin,
- king of Prussia Frederick II the Great,
- Iranian diplomat executed for being a Freemason, Abbas Amir Hoveyda,
- artist William Hogarth,
- President Benito Juarez,
- Freemasonry reformer and physician Johann Zinnendorf
- British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
- Irish playwright Richard Sheridan
- writer Friedrich Schlegel,
- playwright Friedrich Ulrich Ludwig Schroeder,
- German politician Baron Heinrich Stein,
- musician Franz Schubert,
- engineer Gustav Eiffel,
- English polymath and alchemist, one of the first Freemasons Elias Ashmole.
The list is endless...
The word "mason" brings up many associations - the heroes of "War and Peace", secret brotherhoods and rituals, the interests of cynical world elites. However, this is not just a veil of the XIX century - Masonic lodges are as real today as they were then. Moreover, they still influence politics. About whether there are still Freemasons and what goals they pursue, the writer, founder of the magazine "Russian House" Yuri Vorobyevsky spoke in the program "Radio Kuzichev".
Freemasonry - anti-religion?
Anatoly Kuzichev: Let's talk about this surprisingly popular and completely incomprehensible and underestimated concept. What is Freemasonry, who are Freemasons?
Yuri Vorobyevsky: You are absolutely right. This is really the antithesis of Orthodoxy. The fact is that we have such a strange system. You say this in the presence of some well-educated, sweet, normal priest or someone from the Orthodox audience about this - and immediately your interlocutor has a sore throat that tries to turn into a sarcastic smile, nervous tick arises, people climb right under the table. And, for example, on Athos, where I often visit, and in Greece - a completely different attitude.
Quite recently, a book by Archimandrite Epiphanius was published in Greece, which we have already translated into Russian, called Freemasonry in the Light of Truth. She speaks of Freemasonry as an anti-religion. Cult, object of worship, a kind of supreme being.
A.K.:Anti-religion or an independent, new religion? Or another religion?
Yu.V.: We can say that yes, it is a different religion. This is precisely a religion with all the signs, as this learned archimandrite points out.
A.K.: So Freemasonry is a religion? New, with other creeds, with a different meaning, apparently. From a different perspective.
Yu.V.: Freemasonry is a religion with a huge number of stolen symbols, including Orthodox ones. For example, the 33rd degree in Freemasonry has a double-headed eagle as its symbol. The 30th degree is the rider who conquers the serpent.
A.K.: What's the degree?
Yu.V.: Hierarchy system.
A.K.: And, the hierarchical system - it is measured in degrees ...
Yu.V.: Moreover, you know, there are places where the entrance is a ruble, and the exit is ten. At the first stages, a person is told that you are entering the sweetest community of brothers. Male order. What's bad? Well, there are a lot of them. And then they start calling...
What masons lure people?
A.K.: Tell me, Yuri Yuryevich, this is very important. Let's say someone comes up to me. The famous freemason Bogdanov, who even ran for president Russian Federation. And he will say: "Anatoly Alexandrovich, there is a proposal." I tell him: "Interesting." "Join our ranks." I say: "Whose one of ours?" He says: "Listen, the most ancient order, male."
And I ask: “Well, what’s the point? I understand what my faith, my religion, my Orthodoxy gives me. I understand what my job, full-time, on a TV channel gives me. I'll ask him. What will he answer me, I wonder?
Yu.V.: There is a certain material qualification. If you are rich enough, they will come to you. If they haven't come yet, they will. If you are influential, promising, of course, it can be.
When I became interested in this topic in the early 1990s, I also had a good broadcast, prime time on Channel One. I had copyright programs. And so, using my journalistic opportunities, I ended up in a Moscow apartment. A lovely couple, husband and wife, and in the future, in the near future, he will become the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Russia. She will receive initiation in Paris, in the women's box.
A.K.: Are names allowed or not? Or awkward?
Yu.V.: I think you can already say, because already the former. Georgy Borisovich Dergachev. And his wife, Olga Sergeevna Gornostaeva, who just recently reposed as an Orthodox person, you can pray for her. Thanks to the fact that she understood where she ended up, she handed me her documents, her diaries, which later turned into a book. There is also a movie on the subject. The book is called The Fifth Angel Sounded. Without false modesty, this is probably the only book about modern Freemasonry in Russia and in the world that is documentary.
A.K.: Yuri Yuryevich, but what does Freemasonry offer?
Yu.V.: Freemasonry offers international solidarity links. Every person is offered success.
A.K.: Ah. This is the religion of success. If you say that it is a religion, it is a religion of success.
Yu.V.: Pride is encouraged. If a businessman, they will tell you, and this is actually the case. You come to any major city, take a Masonic handbook, dial the phone and say the right words there: "I am brother such and such." And you will be helped. If you, say, a retired lieutenant colonel, did not finish your service, did not become a general. You join a knightly order, a military, one might say, knightly order. And after a certain number of years, you are no longer just a general, you are a Kadosh Knight or someone else. These are such magnificent names in Freemasonry, in fact, they are sometimes funny. Here is the Knight Kadosh - in Hebrew "kadosh" means "holy." Imagine, a person says: "Very nice, I'm a saint." They shake hands with him and say: "And I am the prince of the East, it is very pleasant."
A.K.:Handsomely.
Yu.V.: Nice, but a little funny.
A.K.: Modernism is simple. Now, Yuri Yuryevich, about some famous Russian Freemasons.
About Freemasonry in Russia
Reference:
Alexander Pushkin. Joined the Freemasons in 1821. But it is unlikely that his attitude to the secret organization can be called serious - among the poet's papers, the account books of the Masonic lodge were found, which he filled with his poems.
Commander Alexander Suvorov was one of the very first Freemasons in St. Petersburg. In the capital's lodge "Three Stars" he reached the degree of Master. And Suvorov brought his passion for the organization of freemasons from Koenigsberg.
"Eternally green laurel" - such a Masonic name was M Ikhail Kutuzov. He had the highest degrees of initiation and participated in the meetings of lodges in St. Petersburg, Frankfurt and Berlin.
The historian and writer Nikolai Karamzin was a member of the Masonic Lodge for only four years. However, he stood up for the former brothers during the arrest of members of the order in Moscow.
Philosopher and Decembrist Petr Chaadaev wore the eighth degree of initiation into the order out of nine possible. He was a member of the St. Petersburg lodge, but left it, disappointed in meaningless rituals and empty talk.
Alexander Griboyedov took participation in the order seriously. The goal of the lodge, the writer and diplomat saw the enlightenment of Russia.
Participant in the collapse of the Russian Empire Alexander Kerensky was a member of the leadership of the paramasonic organization "Great East of the peoples of Russia".
A.K.: Indeed, some amazing names. Okay, Kerensky, okay, even Karamzin - but Suvorov, Pushkin, Kutuzov, Griboyedov ...
Yu.V.: Yes, this is the same clip that is prepared, that shoots ... And people of spiritual, ideal motivations. Of course, not all of us are businessmen, and not all of us are pragmatists. There are humanities students, candidates of sciences and aspiring writers. Of course, when a person is told that you are in the same company with Pushkin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin ... Good company, right?
A.K.: Also with Suvorov, Kutuzov, Griboyedov.
Yu.V.: By the way, the Bogdanov you mentioned, as I remember, simply said in his election slogan: "I represent an organization whose members are..." - and their enumeration begins.
As for Suvorov, I had a special investigation - it's all wrong. He was in Koenigsberg when his dad was the governor-general of the new Russian region, let's say. He was simply sent by his father to the box, to probe. And in the Masonic books it remains that he was present at the meeting of the lodge. And off we go.
A.K.: Didn't he become a Master?
Yu.V.: No, as far as I know.
Yu.V.: This, of course, is the desire of the Masons - to rake up everything that is possible for themselves. Although, in fact, there are already a lot of people. Indeed, the 18th-19th centuries are such a craze.
A.K.: What about the craze? Enlightenment, mystery and terrible conspiracies? This is terribly interesting...
Yu.V.: And all at the same time. Everything we are talking about now reminds me of a plot from the life of Macarius the Great. He is walking in the desert and he meets the devil. The devil is all hung with some kind of bubbles. The saint asks the devil: "Where are you going?" - "I'm going to the brethren." - "And what are you carrying?" - "For every taste".
For every taste. Indeed, the order has a very long experience, centuries-old. Therefore, for every taste. A retired officer, a promising businessman.
And it does influence. Once I came to Athos, to my good old friend, hieroschemamonk, who was our intelligence officer in Afghanistan, then was a big businessman, he had factories abroad. Now he, in a shabby cassock, in sandals on his bare feet, says: "Listen, bring me your book about Masons." I answer him: "Father, why do you need this "Fifth Angel" here on Athos?" - “Yes, you know,” he says, “I still have businessmen friends in Bulgaria. When they became rich, they came to them and said: “Guys, do you understand what we are? We are international solidarity, business." "Well, yes, we'll think about it," they answered. They thought somehow sluggishly. Six months pass, they come again, they say: "Guys, you probably didn't understand our conversation. Bulgaria is a very small country. And cut off your oxygen, using international…” And the guys start to get nervous, they say: “How is it, we are still Orthodox people…” - “Ah, that. Yes you! We will introduce you to both priests and bishops.” Bluff? I won’t comment on this moment now.
A.K.: No, you comment, this is fundamentally important, in fact. Your version: bluff?
Yu.V.: You know, Comrade Brzezinski called Russian Orthodoxy the main enemy of America. Remember this quote?
A.K.: Yes, we remember.
Yu.V.: Speaking in terms of war, "the main enemy." Agents are sent into the camp of the enemy.
A.K.: Is always.
Yu.V.: So I was at first shocked by his words. Bluff, no bluff? Then I thought: well ... It's unpleasant to go into this topic, to be honest. But I brought him this book. Because these guys are confused, all the cards are knocked out of their hands.
This archimandrite, he wrote: "Look what happens in these rituals. At a certain stage of the initiation there some master of ceremonies says when they knock on the box: "Who are you, what do you want?" - We are the children of Darkness, we want to enter and receive Light". Imagine if these are Orthodox baptized people!
Does the secret come out?
A.K.: In general, Masonic lodges are secret organizations?
Yu.V.: You know, as the Freemasons themselves say, this is not a secret organization, it is an organization that has secrets.
A.K.: Is there a reference book of Russian Freemasons? View by name...
Yu.V.: Yes, you know, there is Serkov's handbook.
A.K.: G where to find it?
Yu.V.: Well, I think the circulation has passed.
A.K.: And on the Internet, you think?
Yu.V.: Probably you can.
A.K.:Directory of Russian Freemasons. But modern ones are mostly not indicated.
Yu.V.: But we know many, they have already given interviews.
A.K.: For example? Except Bogdanov.
Yu.V.: Dergachev, for example. Earlier, when Dergachev was the Grand Master, he said: "Only, please, in no case should my name be mentioned anywhere, this is not accepted with us." Now, apparently, things are getting easier. They ask another question. Names of famous politicians. They say to me: "Listen, you are there with the 33rd sign ..."
A.K.: I’ve been carefully and for a very long time summing up to this ...
Yu.V.: When they begin to call names, I say: "My friends, if I cannot show the document, what can I say." But I do know one thing. That back in the early 1990s, in the system of the Scottish rite (a powerful world Masonic rite), the Aurora lodge was created in Moscow for English-speaking foreigners working here. Then, as far as I know, some Russian VIPs, recognizable people, began to enter this box.
A.K.: And from the Russian media elite, you hint...
Yu.V.: No, from the most diverse Russian elite, including the political one.
But there is another point. The fact is that in the Russian tradition, after all, it is not taken seriously famous person talk about it in contrast to the American tradition. Everyone knows that Washington, the founder of the United States, was a Freemason. Great doer.
A.K.: We even know what architectural design Washington was built on. Don't know this story? Fantastically interesting story.
Yu.V.: Yes Yes. Masonic architecture.
Here in Russia they hide information about the Aurora Lodge...
A.K.: Why?
Yu.V.: Yes, painfully unpleasant historical things. See. "The golden age" of Catherine, the "golden age" of freemasonry. Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov and his company were arrested at the very moment when Ekaterina realized that the craze was intensifying, and great amount the nobles close to her, the military and not only, it turns out, swear allegiance not only to her, the empress, but also to that Grand Master who is in Prussia. In Prussia, with which terrible relations, it almost came to war. In modern terms, it smacks of high treason. The first wave of anti-Masonic state acts.
The second peak moment is the gentlemen of the Decembrists. Everyone had connections with some Masonic, para-Masonic organizations, almost everyone.
A.K.: Pyotr Chaadaev was remembered, for example ...
Yu.V.: And most importantly, where all the threads led. The threads led, in particular, to Italy. Such was the initiatory name of Nubia, a very famous Mason. Everything went from there. From the Grand Lodge of England, of course.
Well, the February Revolution. The remarkable Orthodox publicist, Archbishop Nikon Rozhdestvensky, wrote a lot about the dangers of freemasonry before the revolution. And once he wrote: “One well-known bishop came up to me and said: “Vladyka, well, why are you writing all about these Masons? Who saw them at all, where are they? And do they exist at all?" These questions are often asked to me too.
And now several years have passed after this conversation - and suddenly the Provisional Government, where 99 percent are mythical, non-existent Freemasons, gets power in a vast country.
A.K.: D but, led by a very specific Freemason Alexander Kerensky.
Yu.A.: And Nikon Rozhdestvensky was not just killed - he was cut off his head. And this is a ritual Masonic moment.
Masonic symbols
Reference: Symbols around. Columns. A gate for the initiate and an exit to the light for the seeker.
Columns of the Jerusalem Temple. The symbolic columns are reminiscent of obelisks inscribed with hieroglyphs that towered in front of Egyptian temples.
Steps. Steps can be depicted between the columns of the temple, which symbolize trials and purification by the elements upon receiving Masonic initiation.
Mosaic floor. The columns are followed by a mosaic floor with alternating white and black cells in a checkerboard pattern. The symbolism of alternation suggests that in the realm of our feelings everything is balanced with strict precision.
Cutter and hammer. To implement his work, the student is given tools - a chisel representing the established thought, a decision made, and a hammer - the will that puts them into action.
Stone. A rough stone is placed next to one column, and a cubic stone on the other. Symbolically, the Masonic work is to improve the creations of nature by hewing a rough stone.
Hammer of the Venerable Master. The hammer is used by the venerable Master of the lodge, the first guardian of the lodge and the second guardian of the lodge when performing ritual work.
Plumb. Used by masons to check the verticality of walls. For the Mason, the plumb line is a symbol of truth. Truth not as an abstract logical concept, but truth as the rightness of words and deeds before God and society. The level is used by masons to check the horizontalness of surfaces. Used by freemasons as a symbol of equality between people.
Compass and square. In this emblem, the compass depicts the vault of heaven, and the square - the earth. The compass, combined with a square, is perhaps the most common of all Masonic emblems, symbols and signs.
Book of the Sacred Law. One of the three main lights of free masons. This is the main book of the religion professed by the brothers present in the meeting of the lodge. The radiant delta is the most important symbol of the Masonic temple.
All-seeing eye. A triangle with an eye placed inside it, a sign of enlightenment or the principle of consciousness.
A.K.: From the enumeration of symbols, many more questions immediately arise than understanding.
Yu.V.: The topic is interesting.
A.K.: We immediately recall the coat of arms of the GDR.
Yu.V.: Yes, hammer.
A.K.: Hammer. With this one, what is it called...
A.K.: And then we remember the dollar with this shining eye in the triangle. And then ... Whatever we remember. And we think: "Oh my God."
Yu.V.: And you know, each of these symbols, offhand, has the most important meaning for our today's conversation. Look, these two pillars, Jachin and Boaz, are at the entrance to the temple.
In addition, it is an ancient Gnostic sign of the equivalence of good and evil. If good and evil are equal, then there is no Truth, Truth with a capital letter. If this is so, then there are no, in fact, criteria of morality, ethics. And there is a purely Masonic theme in this regard called "ethics in time." What was unethical yesterday is ethical today.
We now already know about euthanasia for a child in Belgium. The so-called Overton windows.
A.K.: What was unacceptable suddenly becomes acceptable at first, and then mainstream.
Yu.V.: Purely Masonic, by the way, the topic.
A.K.: Yes? How interesting, listen. But still: all these signs and symbols, either on the coat of arms of the GDR, or on the dollar sign - is it all an accident?
Yu.V.: Well, sorry, Freemasonry just created the United States of America.
A.K.: And then? Disappeared from the base?
Yu.V.: And now, of course, the most influential. Although sometimes they say: "Well, Freemasonry was popular in the 19th century, now it's already a museum ..."
How many Masons and where are they?
A.K.: So, Masons are among us, there are many of them. Another thing is that they mostly do not appear ...
Yu.V.: A little.
A.K.: A little? How do you rate their numbers?
Yu.V.: Well, I think that in Russia there are several hundred Freemasons of the regular rite, that is, correct Masons.
A.K.: But on the other hand, these are all people, if I understand their logic correctly, of the highest echelon.
Yu.V.: Not all, of course, not all. If we talk about America, then this is a Masonic state.
Why, indeed, wherever America appears, war, revolution, chaos begin everywhere.
There is a purely Masonic formula - it is, in fact, at the head of all documents, as we wrote earlier: "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" And it says: "Order out of chaos." That is, it is necessary first to create chaos so that the tormented peoples they said to the world: yes, how much is possible, wars, revolutions and everything else, immorality.
A.K.: And here I am - all in white ...
Yu.V.: Yes, and then someone comes out - all in white. In the language of Orthodox eschatology, we know who it is.
A.K.: Yes, listen, how interesting.
Yu.V.: And the project is Masonic. Devilish, of course.
A.K.: On the one hand, the conclusion is very simple, just shockingly simple. Yes, indeed, there is such a structure, like many others. Really powerful - many people join it, following the lead of their own pride, the religion of success. Moreover, they deliver what they promise. Like any deal with this power, it is successful at a certain stage. But for you and me, it's terrible. This is Satanism and devilry - that's all.
Yu.V.: Quite right. We talked about change. About betraying your state. About betraying God. About the betrayal human nature. I appeal to our Orthodox patriotic audience. I would like to say: my friends with God help let's stay faithful.
A.K.:It's better not to say. I will thank, of course, Yuri Yuryevich, the author of the book "The Fifth Angel Has Trumped"? And a postscript about the dollar...
Help:
let's look at the dollar.
Let's start with its front side: we immediately pay attention to the coat of arms of the US Department of the Treasury.
Then we move to the number 1 at the top right. From behind the inner upper left corner of the shield, an owl peeks out behind the number - a symbol of the satanic Bohemian club, registered in the Bohemian grove.
Next, we see a pyramid, on top of which is the all-seeing eye, at the base of the pyramid are the same Roman numerals. We add them up - and we get the number 666. Under the pyramid is the slogan: "Novus Ordo Seclorum". Literally means "New Order of the Ages". But it is more correct, especially today, - the "New World Order", about which the elites of the world so often speak.
Let's draw the pyramid to the Jewish star. The angles point to the letters, forming the word "mason". Above the pyramid we see "Annuit Coeptis" - "He contributed to our undertakings", or "Start Time". "He" is the architect (eye). According to other sources, it translates as "God blesses our deeds."
13 leaves on an olive branch in an eagle's paw. 13 olives per branch. 13 lines and stripes. 13 arrows in the paw of an eagle. 13 five-pointed stars above the eagle's head. 13 letters in "E Pluribrus Unum". 13 stones in a pyramid. 13 letters in "Annuit Coeptis". In the center of the bill is a large letter N - the 13th in a row in the ancient Greek alphabet. 13 is the mystical number of Satan.
Fold the dollar in half. Here is the great double-sided seal of the United States. Priests on one side, Freemasons on the other.
Here is such an interesting gang, and the goal of this gang is simple - to make us a worldwide cosmopolitan herd without clan and tribe. The goal of the Freemasons is written on a ribbon in the eagle's beak on the right. Of course, this Latin is translated in such a way that the people are not afraid: "Unity in diversity." But in fact - "One people out of many." And the width of the dollar, by the way, is 66.6 millimeters.
There are enough myths and conjectures around the most closed society in the world, but not all of them correspond to reality. It is believed, for example, that the Freemasons almost completely regulate all international politics, although in fact the brotherhood does not discuss religious and political issues. At the same time, many state and public men, cultural figures, famous personalities are members of the lodges.
Who are modern Freemasons
The secret organization of freemasons arose on June 24, 1717 in England. Four societies that at that time were in the capital of Great Britain were named after the names of the pubs in which the participants of the movement gathered: “Apple”, “Goose and a baking sheet”, “Crown”, “Grape brush”. It was on June 24, 1717 that they united into a single Grand Lodge of London. Masons consider their goals to be the improvement of themselves and the world around, charity, but all over the world they are considered almost religious fanatics. But in fact, "freemasons" avoid talking about religion and politics.
Freemasonry as a whole and individual representatives of the organization do not hide. Any member of the Lodge is free to claim membership of the secret fraternity, but it is forbidden to disclose who else is in the ranks of the movement. It is believed that "freemasons" rule the world. The theory is based on the fact that in many states the members of the organization are influential personalities, politicians and public figures. The reliability of this assumption remains controversial, because it has no documentary evidence.
Representatives of a closed society
Famous Masons of the world are outstanding writers, philosophers, architects, statesmen and public figures who influenced the course of world history. True, it is possible to talk about the belonging of some figures to a secret society only with a certain degree of probability, given the secrecy of such data. Among the most famous Freemasons, one can list George Washington (the first US president joined the Friedrichsburg Lodge in 1752), Voltaire (French philosopher and writer initiated in the Nine Sisters Lodge, Paris), Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austrian composer joined the lodge " For good" in 1784).
The list of representatives of the secret brotherhood includes artists, philosophers and public figures, heads of state. The strength of Freemasonry is that the organization includes people of various strata, positions, so Freemasonry has the ability to influence all areas of life. Among the famous people-Masons mention such personalities:
- Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the famous Statue of Liberty, one of the first members of Alsac-Lorraine.
- German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, English writer and physician, creator of the image of Sherlock Holmes and author of The History of Spiritualism.
- Sculptor and painter Gutson Borglum.
- Joseph Brant, the first Indian Freemason to make history.
- Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin, physician, member of the French government.
- Brilliant civil engineer Gustave Eiffel
- Scottish poet Robert Burns.
- Austrian composer Franz Joseph Haydn.
- Eduard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia (1935).
- N. Arendt, chief physician of the Russian corps in France, personal physician of Emperor Nikolai Romanov.
- Giusepe Garibaldi, "Italian George Washington", who was sentenced to death in his homeland and fled first to Latin America and then to the United States.
- the most influential of the leaders of the war for the independence of the Spanish colonies.
- Alexander Griboedov, diplomat, author of the comedy "Woe from Wit".
- A close friend of A. Pushkin, official of the Department of Foreign Affairs Anton Delvig.
- Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Ataturk), founder of modern Turkey, politician.
- American illusionist Harry Houdini.
- Famous zoologist, author of many works on biology Alfred Brehm.
- Napoleon Bonaparte and four of his brothers, including Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples and Spain.
- French sculptor Jean Antoine Houdon.
- Joseph Rudyard Kipling, English poet and writer, who became the first Englishman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The great Austrian composer, author of more than six hundred works, joined the Masonic order in Vienna in 1784. He was initiated into the second degree of the lodge, and soon became a master mason. One of the famous legends says that Mozart in the opera The Magic Flute inadvertently told about the secrets of the Masons, for which he was killed. It is not known how true this is, but to this day Masons treat this work of art with great attention. When the Master's aria from Mozart's The Magic Flute sounds at the Vienna Opera, several dozen listeners in the hall get up from their seats.
One of the leaders of the national liberation movement in Italy and an active fighter for the independence of the republics of South America, already in his youth, was a member of an organization associated with the Freemasons. In Brazil in 1844 he became a member of the Shelter of Valor lodge, then moved to the Friends of the Fatherland in Uruguay. While in the United States, he Giuseppe Garibaldi participated in the work of the Tompkins fraternity.
The English poet and writer became the first Englishman to receive the Alfred Nobel Prize for Literature, having been initiated into the Hope and Perseverance lodge in India two decades earlier. For several years he was a secretary, reached the level of a master, and in the UK he became an influential member of the "Author's Lodge" and one of the founders of the "Builders of the cities of silence" in France.
He was initiated into Freemasonry in 1780, eight years later received a master's degree. Goethe wrote many Masonic hymns and poems. One of the best examples of Masonic literature is considered to be his novels about Wilhelm Meister. Almost until his death, Goethe remained the "intellectual center of the lodge."
List of famous Freemasons of Russia
The Russian Masonic Society has always been associated with the Western one, without being an independent organization. Professor M. Kovalevsky contributed to the active spread of the brotherhood in Russia. Under his leadership, in 1901, the Russian Higher School of Social Sciences was opened in Paris under the guidance of the Cosmos lodge. The goal (other than educational) is to prepare future participants in the struggle for the “liberation of Russia” in exclusively Masonic traditions. Other famous Masons of Russia:
- Alexander Suvorov, one of the first Russian Freemasons, who became a member of a secret brotherhood during the Seven Years' War.
- Nikolai Novikov, publisher of the magazines "Purse", "Truten" and "Painter", in which he criticized the courtiers, landowners and judges, joined the lodge "Astrea" in St. Petersburg in 1775.
- Commander Mikhail Kutuzov was initiated into the lodge "To the Three Keys" in Bavaria.
- the grandson of the batman Peter the Great, the son of the richest landowner, translated the works of radical French enlighteners for the Masonic lodge.
- An aristocrat, philosopher and publicist was admitted to the Freemasons in 1826, received the eighth degree of initiation out of nine possible.
- Statesman Mikhail Speransky, son of a parish priest from the Russian hinterland.
- Alexander Pushkin, who was literally surrounded by Freemasons (many of his friends, father, uncles were in the secret lodge), but was careless about membership in the fraternity, wrote poetry at meetings.
- One of the leaders of the Decembrists, Pavel Pestel, received the fifth degree of education.
- A secret diplomat who was an intermediate link between the Masons in Moscow and the heir to the throne, Pavel, Vasily Bazhenov.
- Alexander Bestuzhev, participant in the uprising on Senate Square, critic, writer.
- Religious painter, outstanding portrait painter Vladimir Borovikovsky, one of the most mystical intellectuals of Alexander's time.
- Not proven: Peter the Great may have been a Freemason. There is a version that it was he (together with his associates Patrick Gordon and Franz Lefort) who founded the Russian Lodge.
The famous freemason Kutuzov believed that membership in a serious secret organization could divert his attention from women and wine. He became a member of several lodges, was initiated into the seventh degree, received the original award and his own motto. Kutuzov was buried in the Kazan Cathedral, built some time before this sad event by another famous freemason-architect - A. Voronikhin.
Alexander Pushkin was admitted to the Masonic lodge in 1821, which he wrote about in his diary. The brotherhood gathered in Chisinau, where he was exiled. Soon the box was closed, and before that, Pushkin, who was not an exemplary Freemason, had only managed to grow a nail on thumb right hand- a distinctive sign of belonging to a secret society. In 1830, the writer distanced himself from the Freemasons and stopped attending meetings. Some biographers believe that members of the organization took revenge on Pushkin by using Dantes, a member of a lodge abroad, for provocations. There is also a version that during the funeral of Alexander Pushkin, another famous freemason Turgenev threw a glove into the grave - a sign of brotherhood.
Alexander Radishchev
No one could have thought that the son of a wealthy landowner and the grandson of Peter the Great's batman, having accumulated ideas forbidden by censorship, would begin to propagate them in Russia. But Alexander Radishchev, having gone to study in Leipzig, made friends with the Masons. For five years he was a member of the lodge, translating the works of French enlighteners for Nikolai Novikov, the founder of the lodge of strict obedience in Moscow. In 1790, the well-known freemason Radishchev printed more than six hundred copies of Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Empress Catherine considered the writer "a rebel worse than Pugachev", so he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The court sentenced the Mason to death, but the punishment was replaced by exile in Siberia. Then Emperor Pavel returned Alexander Radishchev to Moscow.
Notable modern Freemasons
Are there Masons in the modern world? Well-known Russian Freemasons have invariably influenced historical events, which is why even today it is believed that representatives of the secret brotherhood completely control world politics. But little is known about the representatives of the organization, because they do not seek publicity. A well-known Moscow lawyer, an expert on Freemasonry, claims that today in Moscow alone there are 5-6 lodges, the number of each of which does not exceed several hundred people. By the way, the main Soviet symbol - a five-pointed red star - was taken by the Bolsheviks from the Masons. This is an ancient symbol that is part of the second level of Masonic lodges.
The lists of the most famous Masons of our time were published by the scandalous historian Platonov. He claims that the Freemasons are Luzhkov, Abramovich, Berezovsky, Gaidar (his involvement in the lodges is officially denied by the Masons themselves), Nemtsov, the banker Aven, Kasparov, Khodorkovsky, Govorukhin, human rights activists Alekseeva and Kovalev. It is only known for certain that after the revolution, all Russian lodges moved abroad, but returned to Russia in 1992. The rest of the lists should be treated with a great deal of healthy irony. In fact, it is not possible to reveal the lists of famous Masons of our time.
SO, quite recently, it was published in the media: "Specialists from the University of Zurich conducted a mathematical analysis of the relationships of 43,000 transnational corporations and made a frightening conclusion: the world is ruled by one giant" supercorporation ".
It is she who "pulls the strings" of the global economy.
To model the image of the global corporate system, the experts processed a huge amount of data reflecting the ownership relations between the largest transnational corporations.
- The Role of Freemasons in World History (Hitler and Freemasons)
“Reality is so complex that we had to move away from dogmas, whether it be conspiracy theories or free market theories,” explained study author James Glattfelder, a complex systems theorist. “Our analysis is based on real data.”
Previous studies have shown that a relatively small group of companies and banks own the lion's share of the global "economic pie", from which everyone else is left with only crumbs. However, these studies have overlooked indirect relationships - the relationship of corporations with subsidiaries and affiliates.
After sorting through the 37 million companies and investors worldwide represented in the 2007 Orbis C database, the Zurich-based research team selected 43,060 companies owned by multinational corporations and identified their total assets.
A model was built for the distribution of the economic influence of TNCs through the control of some companies over others: ownership of funds, participation in profits, etc.
Scientists have found a core of 1,318 companies whose ties to others can hardly be called anything other than incestuous. Each of these 1,318 had the closest relationship with two or more other companies (average number of affiliates was 20).
While these corporations' official earnings barely exceed 20% of global operating revenue, through their satellite firms they actually own most of the world's companies operating in the "real" economy. Thus, about 60% of global income is concentrated in the tentacles of corporate monsters.
Continuing to unravel the vast web of ownership, the team found that the majority of financial chains are heading in the direction of a "superenclave" of 147 companies. Their assets intersect with each other, effectively being common property, which gives this unspoken financial conglomerate control of 40% of global corporate wealth.
Most of these "supercorporations" are financial institutions. So, the top 10 included:
1. Barclays plc
2. Capital Group Companies Inc.
3. FMR Corporation
4.AXA
5 State Street Corporation
6JP Morgan Chase & Co
7. Legal & General Group plc
8Vanguard Group Inc.
9.UBS AG
10 Merrill Lynch & Co Inc.
Analyze this list yourself, dear readers, and you will see that these are not simple companies, and they do not work there. simple people. The analysis revealed the connection between the leaders of these super giants of the world economy and secret societies, namely Masonic lodges. Some of these companies were founded directly by people - members of Masonic organizations, and some with their participation.
LET'S GO TO THE RUSSIAN MASONS.
It is known that by the mid-50s of the 20th century, some Russian Freemasons had completely left Freemasonry: Bernstein, Niedermiller, Lebedev, Lomeyer, Zhdanov, Grunberg. Others went over to the French lodges, which by this time were beginning to revive a little, but their future was extremely doubtful.
An anonymous author reports: "New forces have been found." It can be assumed that these were brothers from the Vekhi and Free Russia lodges, who were accepted by Lotos, but for some reason they were still listed in the Obedience of the Great East: Jakeli, Dzhanshiev, Kadish, Kangisser, Aronsberg, Shamin (from the French lodge), G.G. Karganov (from the mixed lodge "France?Armenie").
In 1959 the fateful moment came: the Grand Lodge broke off relations with the Grand Orient. The last document in the Masonic archive is the last list of those present at the session of the lodge "Northern Star", February 25, 1965. This does not mean that this session was the last. They continued for another five or six years. It is characteristic that the Freemasons, who at one time left the United States and returned to France after the Second World War, apparently never returned to st. Kade. In this last list - all the surnames belong to the "third generation" of Russian Freemasonry, their average age was 60-65 years. Here is the list: M...R...., V. Grosser, A. Marshak, S. Grunberg, S. Der...sky, Gorbunov, A. Orlov, V. Marshak, A. Julius, A. Barlant, A. Shimunek (indecipherable - perhaps this is Shishunok), I. Fidder, T.S ...., A, Poznyak, G. Gazdanov, Petrovsky, S. Lutsky.
After the rupture of the two Rites in 1959, how to understand the presence of brothers from the Grand Lodge at the session of the Grand Orient? Maybe whoever wanted to came, and no one was asked where he came from, and whether he had the right to be present in the temple? If this is true, then not only the ability to compromise was lost, but also the sense of Masonic discipline.
17 people attended the session in 1965, according to the last list above. It must be taken with caution, it is composed carelessly and does not inspire much confidence. But we don't have another. S.P. Theakston told me in Paris in 1960: "Some are paralyzed and confused by the consciousness of an approaching end that we are powerless to fight." Of these 17 people, half remained by 1970. And then something happened that was supposed to happen: five people came to one of the sessions. Who they were is unknown. Was there at least one Master among them - the All-Wise, the Venerable, or at least only the Secret? But the letter of the law since St. Tybalt demanded that there be seven of them in the temple. And the French Great East took away their premises from the Russian brothers, following the letter of the law. And that was the end of Russian Freemasonry in exile.
SOVIET MASONS.
"The program for the activities of agents of influence in the USSR was personally developed by Freemason A. Dulles, the future director of the CIA. Having become a Freemason while still studying at Princeton, Dulles already in the mid-20s reaches the 33rd degree and other Masonic regalia. In 1927 he becomes one of the directors of the international Masonic coordinating center - the Council on Foreign Relations, in 1933 he receives the key post of secretary, and since 1946 - the president of this organization.
"The first contacts of the future leaders of the CPSU with Freemasonry date back to the sixties and seventies. M.S. Gorbachev had contact with Freemasonry, apparently, during his vacation in Italy, where then there were Masonic lodges controlled by the CIA, which set as their goal the containment of communism (in particular, the famous Propaganda-2 lodge, headed by CIA agent L. Jelly). A. N. Yakovlev's contacts with Freemasonry date back to the time of his stay in the USA and Canada.
“Gorbachev’s accession to the Trilateral Commission should be attributed to January 1989. The meeting of the main architects of Soviet perestroika and the “brothers” who worked for the “good” of the “Architect of the Universe” and the “new world order” took place in Moscow. The Trilateral Commission was represented by its chairman David Rockefeller (also head of the Council on Foreign Relations), Henry Kissinger (head of B'nai B'rith), J. Bertoine, V. Giscard d'Estaing and J. Nakasone. A. Yakovlev, E. Shevardnadze, G. Arbatov, E. Primakov, V. Medvedev, etc. As a result of secret negotiations, agreements on joint activities, the nature of which at that time was not clear to anyone. However, everything became clear at the end of the same year, when, in the same composition of his associates as at the meeting with the delegation of the Trilateral Commission, M. Gorbachev met with President D. Bush on the island of Malta. The conclusion of an important agreement in Malta, the capital of the Order of the Knights of Malta, whose cavaliers are members of the Trilateral Commission and the Bilderberg Club, as if symbolized a new stage in relations between the world behind the scenes and the leadership of the CPSU.
"The year 1990 becomes fatal in the history of Russia. In a short time, the system of governing the country is changing. Taking advantage of the transition period, Gorbachev and his associates from the former Politburo (Yakovlev, Shevardnadze, Medvedev, Primakov), at which all the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy were decided ", in fact, they completely usurp power in the country. A conscious dismantling and destruction of many state structures is being carried out, and shadow backstage authorities are being created in their place, and above all Masonic lodges and organizations."
"It is characteristic that the first official Masonic structure that arose in the USSR was the international Jewish Masonic lodge B'nai B'rith. Permission to open it was received personally from Gorbachev at the request of one of the leaders of the order, H. Kissinger. L'Arche reported that a 21-member delegation from the French branch of B'nai B'rith, led by President Marc Aron, visited Moscow from 23 to 29 December 1988. The first lodge of this order was organized during the visit, and by May it consisted of 63 members. By the same time, two more lodges were established in Vilnius and Riga, and later in St. Petersburg, Kyiv, Odessa, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk.
“Since 1989, the Masons have carried out a widespread and even in a sense open campaign to promote subversive Masonic ideas and recruit new members in Russia. In March 1991, the CIA-funded Radio Liberty calls on residents of the USSR to establish contact to join Masonic lodges. The host of the program, F. Salkazanova, gave the address where Soviet citizens could sign up for a Masonic lodge in Paris. attractive, they called it "Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin" (although the great Russian poet was not a Freemason).The "brothers" from this lodge who spoke in the program called for the moral and spiritual improvement of society, considering the United States as a model, which was based "from the very beginning Masonic principles.
"The Freemasons of France are striving to 'lay their stone in the construction of democracy in Eastern and Central Europe.'" Grand Master of the Masonic Grand Orient of France, J.R. East intend to this end to increase the necessary material and financial efforts.After a while, the Grand Master comes to Moscow, and later visits St. Petersburg to organize the correct Masonic work there.At the same time, the Grand National Lodge of France also operates.In April 1991, she dedicated two citizens of Russia who became the organizers of the Russian lodge "Northern Star".
- Illuminati, freemasons, dollar and owl. Especially for fans of the world conspiracy theory
"The day before the start of the August coup d'état in 1991, a member of the Pushkin lodge, already mentioned by me, arrived in Moscow from Paris, who emigrated from Odessa in 1922 (his name was kept secret). 8 more members of this lodge came to Moscow with him. Despite on disturbing events, this Masonic emissary opens on August 30, 1991 a new lodge "Novikov".
"As a result of the coup d'état in August-December 1991, the plans of the world behind the scenes were achieved. The world behind the scenes awards B.N. Yeltsin with the title that almost every member of the world Masonic government wears - Knight Commander of the Order of Malta. He receives it on November 16, 1991. No longer embarrassed, Yeltsin poses for reporters in the full garb of a knight-commander. In August 1992, Yeltsin signs Decree No. 827 "On the restoration of official relations with the Order of Malta."
"Relying on high support, Masonic lodges are growing like mushrooms in Russia. The first such organization in Russia was the Rotary International Masonic Club, which is widespread in Western countries, the opening of which was announced on June 6, 1990 in a report on the television program "Vremya." The "white masons" of the first call in this club are the heads of the administrations of Moscow and St. Petersburg Luzhkov and Sobchak, the banker Gusinsky, the well-known democratic functionaries M. Bocharov, A. Ananyev, Yu. "Cribble Institute and Similar Institutions".
“To match Rotary, the so-called International Russian Club (IRC), created in 1992. This club was headed by M. Bocharov and Yeltsin’s former press secretary P. Voshchanov. It included a number of famous people, for example, Minister of Justice I. Fedorov , international deputy E. Ambartsumov, member of the Masonic commission "Greater Europe", businessman Svyatoslav Fedorov, former head of state security V. Ivanenko, general K. Kobets, member of the Presidential Council A. Migranyan. According to the charter, the club consists of forty people, and each no more than a third can be added for a year, and each entrant is obliged to obtain three recommendations.
"Based on the model of one of the main organizations of the world behind the scenes - the Bilderberg Club - in 1992 its Russian counterpart, the Magisterium Club, was created, initially uniting about 60 "brothers" in spirit. The key figure in this Masonic underground was the already mentioned J. Soros, published in the first issue of the secret bulletin of this club the article "Big money makes history" Other key figures of the club are the patriarchs of the Masonic movement in former USSR A. Yakovlev and E. Shevardnadze. A. Sobchak, V. V. Ivanov, S. Shatalin and others are also represented in the "Magisterium".
“A number of foundations and clubs of a lower rank are being created in Russia. The most typical example of such an organization is the Interaction reform club, which brings together entrepreneurs, heads of banking and stock exchange institutions, and major government officials. The club was headed by E. T. Gaidar, as well as A. B. Chubais, K. N. Borovoy, L. I. Abalkin, E. G. Yasin, A. P. Pochinok, E. F. Saburov, O. R. Latsis, etc. Among the members of the club were B. G. Fedorov, S. N. Krasavchenko, N. P. Shmelev, S. S. Shatalin Close to the Interaction club is the International Fund for Economic and Social Reforms, headed by S. S. Shatalin. L. I. Abalkin and V. V. Bakatin.
"In 1993, another Masonic-type organization was created - the Order of the Eagle. Among the main founders are a well-known financial swindler, the head of the Stolichny bank, previously convicted A. Smolensky, banker P. Nakhmanovich, entrepreneur V. Neverov, one of the leaders of the international Masonic movement M. Shakkum, as well as such chess players G. Kasparov, S. Solovyov, sculptor Z. Tsereteli".
MASONS OF MODERN RUSSIA
There are Masonic lodges in Russia, one of the Freemasons, Andrei Bogdanov, even ran for the presidential election in 2008. The official website of the Grand Lodge of Russia is quite open to readers and indicates, without prejudice, its leaders and its structure. Maybe these people know something, maybe they are initiated, but they do not open up. But IT IS COMPLETELY PROBABLY THAT all this is not what was once the essence of real Masonic processes.
Now a closed political process also exists: there are closed groups, societies, structures that make very serious decisions - financial, political and military. But I would not dare to call them Masons. Maybe they use the principles of closed secret societies, but it is unlikely that this is accompanied by paraphernalia and oaths, as before.
In Platonov's book "Russia Under the Power of Freemasons" it is seriously stated that during perestroika a number of famous people were agents of the influence of US Freemasons. To what extent does this reflect reality? The ex-adviser to the chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, retired major general of police, Doctor of Law Vladimir Ovchinsky answers:
Doesn't reflect, says Ovchinsky. “I think Platonov gives out wishful thinking as real. There, of course, there were some secret agreements between certain people. The same Alexander Yakovlev (whom the author refers to as Masons) in his memoirs, written before his death, says that all his life he wanted to break the back of the communist system, imperial statehood. In fact, a member of the Politburo, an ideologue of the CPSU, declares that he has worked all his life against what he serves. But to call him a Freemason?! We have no evidence for this."
IS PUTIN A MASON? The answer, to some disappointment, is no. "Here is Berberova's archive - these are genuine documents. (download)
They list the names of Freemasons of the beginning of the 20th century - people themselves talk about this, there are witnesses. This is reality. There are materials from the investigation into the case of the Decembrists, which was conducted by Benckendorff - he fought against Masons and secret societies. Everything is proven here. According to the French Revolution, there is also a lot of evidence of Masonic conspiracies. The influence of Freemasons on the formation of the United States is not just a fact, it is the national and cultural pride of America. As for accusing our political leaders of Freemasonry, one must have grounds for this, but there are none. There are proven facts, and there is the current reality. How strong the Masons are in Russia, now it is not known for sure."
OTHER FORCES ARE OPERATING IN MODERN RUSSIA, the basis of which are the special services and world capital. But are people working in the secret services members of Masonic organizations? This is the next question, however, which can be answered quite positively. They are not only members of international Freemasonry, but are sometimes also in the service of foreign intelligence services.
The book of the former CIA officer L. Gonzalez-Mata "True Masters of the World" lists the powerful of this world belonging to Masonic organizations, including CIA founder Allen Dulles, Bilderberg Club Secretary General Joseph Retinger, former President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Jacques Attali, US Presidents Harry Truman, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and George Bush, head of the Trilateral Commission David Rockefeller and many others.
In Russia, these include dozens of politicians and businessmen who belong not only to regular lodges, but also to closed clubs that belong to the so-called "white Freemasonry".
What are they all after? In words - quite noble goals. The Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France, Jean-Rebert Ragache, at a meeting with journalists in 1991, said that the Freemasons of France seek to "lay their stone in building democracy in Eastern and Central Europe." He was concerned about "the resurgence of separatist and irredentist sentiments in Eastern Europe" and "the desire of the Church to bring about a new evangelization."
To achieve this lodge, the Grand Orient of France allocated 1.2 million francs, the Grand Lodge of France - 300 thousand francs, the Grand National Lodge of France - a set of swords, aprons and orders.
The donation, frankly, is ridiculous compared to what was presented by the Order of Malta to Potanin and Ignatiev. Therefore, there are secret items of expenditure, and other secret goals. Which? Alas, there is no definitive answer.
It is known, for example, that the Order of Malta, represented in Russia by Jacques Masson, is vitally interested in the Russian military-industrial complex.
They, these organizations, are still closed to the uninitiated. And therefore, special services, builders of the new order and ordinary swindlers will work under their "roof" for a long time to come.
